Term
| 2-1 Adult-Onset Diabetes Mellitus |
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Definition
| Adult-Onset insulin or medication dependent . Type 1 diabetes is also called juvenile diabetes. Type 1 diabetes as well as adult-onset diabetes mellitus also called Type 2 diabetes is related to a lack of insulin made by the pancreas. Adult-onset Diabetes mellitus is usually caused by obesity and can be controlled using medications such as Glucophage. Medications stimulate insulin production as well as allow for an efficient use of insulin in the body. Type 1 diabetes is discovered through high blood sugar which requires insulin as the treatment. Type 1 diabetes can also feature adult-onset at the age of 30-40 given the patient's circumstances. |
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Term
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Definition
carotid endarterectomy (CEA),
surgical excision (removal) in the cartoid artery of the neck that leads to the heart, followed by atheromatous (or plaque accumulated to artery walls, as related to atheroma). There are segments (sections) of the endothelium, (thin layer of cells that line the entire circulatory system and form the interior surface of blood vessals). The surgical excision is done on the tunica media (middle coat), on the inside of the carotid artery, correcting a narrow artery (stenosis), leaving a smooth tissue lining and facilitating blood flow through the vessel. The surgery is done to decrease the risk of stroke.
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Definition
| To look inside a body cavity or to use an endoscope to look inside a particular body cavity. |
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Definition
| To remove fatty tissue from an artery that is affected by stenosis, the narrowing of an artery. |
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Term
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Definition
| ferritin is an iron-phosphorus based compound containing about 23% iron which is formed in the intestine, then stored in the liver, spleen and bone marrow. Ferric iron is a protein that is bonded with apoferritin. It is also stored in the mucosa of the intestine. Apoferritin is always bound with iron. |
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Definition
| A medication used to treat primarily Type 2 diabetes containing a single-ingredient used in the lowering of blood sugar. |
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Term
| 2-1 hemoglobin electrophoresis |
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Definition
| A blood test that detects different types of hemoglobin which is an iron containing oxygen-transport molecule, colored red, that transports oxygen to the lungs. Electrophoresis is a process that separates substances or the types of hemoglobin in red blood cells. Hemoglobin electrophoresis is a way to separate different types of hemoglobin or a protein in the blood divided into different kinds of proteins that serve various functions. |
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Term
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Definition
| group of genetic diseases involving abnormal hemoglobin or any hematological disorder resulting in conditions that are a lack of a particular blood related protien. |
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Term
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Definition
| A viral illness with multiple types presenting in a variety of symptomatic formats. Hepatitis A is transmitted orally through food and one of the least severe featuring mild jaundice and/or flu-like symptoms. Aniteric Hepatitis is viral heptatis without jaundice. Hepatitis B is also transmitted through contact with an infected person or intimiate personal contact. Prodromal symptoms of fever, malaise, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting decline with the onset of clinical jaundice, angioedema, urticarial skin lesions, and arthritis. After 3 to 4 months most patients recover completely, but some may become carriers or remain ill chronically. Hepatitis C is a viral disease caused by the hepatitis C virus which is transmitted to humans through drug abuse or blood transfusion. There are many subtypes of heptatitis that lead to chronic illness lasting far longer than 3 to four months. |
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Term
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Definition
| To describe a red blood cell's color when affected by anemia or decreases synthesis (production) of hemoglobin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anemia characterized by small red blood cells whose volume is 76-100 fluid ounces. corpuscular hemoglobin or mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), the amount of hemoglobin per cell; the normal value is 27-32 picograms (pg). Similar is the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), giving the amount of hemoglobin per volume of erythrocytes (normally about 320-360 g/L or 32-36 g/dL). Typically, therefore, anemia of this category is described as "microcytic, hypochromic anemia". |
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Term
2-1
plts - platelets - the patient's platelets were at 226,000 which is in the lower range of normal at 150,000 to 400,000/cmm or written as 150 to 400 X 109/liter. http://www.medicinenet.com/complete_blood_count/page2.htm |
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Definition
| Platelets are the smallest cells in the blood's bone marrow, some formed in the spleen. Platelets are disc-shaped and do not contain hemoglobin, responsible mostly for coagulation of blood. 200,000 and 300,000 in 1 mL ^3 of blood. Some platelets direct the movement of a blood clot. Always use 0s the long way when writing platelets.
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Term
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Definition
| Prostate Specific Antigen - a tumor marker associated with prostate cancer. Antigen - substance capable of inducing or triggering an immune system response, interacting with lymphocytes, antibodies or both. |
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Term
| 2-1
reticulocyte count
reticulocyte (underdeveloped [baby] red blood cell) |
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Definition
| A blood test used in certain illnesses to determine whether there is an increase or decrease in the amount of blood cells. There are several causes of anemia, fewer red blood cells, how well bone marrow works or not, and the test is mostly used to see if the treatment for the anemia is working or not. Some retic counts are used to determine B12 deficiency. |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of iron in your blood, test used to measure possible blood loss from ulcers. Higher levels may mean a B12 deficiency. |
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Term
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Definition
| A specific amount of blood cells found in a test. Another name for red blood cells because they look like targets. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 2-1
WBC - white blood cell count
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Definition
A cell in the body that is designed to fight off infections, the white blood cell count measures how many white blood cells are in the service of fighting off infections. The less blood cells, the more an infection takes hold. Two types of white blood cells are lymphocytes and neutrophils. The overall white blood cell count is made up of both lymphoties and neutrophils. In Lesson 2, the patient's WBCs are 3400, which means that his WBC is below normal. A normal WBC is in the range of 4,000 to 11,000 cells per microliter. A low WBC is called leukopenia. A high WBC is termed leukocytosis.
A normal absolute neutrophil count (ANC) is in the range of 1,500 to 8,000 cells per microliter. If the ANC is below 500 for an extended period of time, the risk of serious bacterial infection may increase significantly. A low neutrophil count is called neutropenia. |
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Term
| 2-1 hematology - the study of |
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Definition
| the study of blood, the formation of blood, and blood diseases, includes cancer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Medical study devoted to the treatment of mental disorders. |
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Term
2-1
panic attack - symptoms include heart palpitations, chest pains, stomach upset, dizziness, lightheadedness, nausea, difficulty breathing, a sense of feeling smothered, tinglinging or numbness in the hands, hot flashes or chills, trembling or shaking, dreamlike sensations or perceptual distortions, overwhelming terror, sense of powerlessness, need to escape, fear of loosing control, fear of doing something embarrassing and fear of dying. Emotional problems such as PTSD or schizophrenia can cause panic attacks, thyroid abnormalities, anemia, using certain medications like insulin, heart problems related to valves, |
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Definition
| caused by anxiety disorder, panic attacks can occur when a patient is anxious or suffering from anemia. A panic attack consists of irrational fears. Panic attacks are associated with phobias. Phobias are random fears about unrelated or related subjects such as spiders. There are two types of panic disorder, with or without agoraphobia. Treatment involves medication. |
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Term
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Definition
| condition in which the quantity of hemoglobin is below normal including the productino of erythrocytes, (red blood cells), leading to physical weakness, blood not carrying enough oxygen to the rest of your body, and resulting in not having enough iron. Women have anemia from heavy menstruation, inherited disorders or a dieet that doesn't have enough iron such as vegetarians having a B12 deficiency. Anemia has many subtypes. |
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Term
| 2-1 Normal WBC count, WBC count ranges- |
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Definition
| WBC count refers to the number of white blood cells. White blood cells are basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, T cells and b-cells, monocytes, neutrophils-they help to fight infections and are often called leukocytes. Anemia is a low level of hemoglobin in the blood caused by aging, symptoms being fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, dizziness, paleness, lack of interest, confusion, agitation, and depression. Heart disease patients notice worse chest pain, and swollen ankles. Malnutrition can be one cause of anemia as can hereditary disorders, heart valve problems, tumors, and immune disease. Normal WBCs are 4,300 to 10,800 cells per cub millimeter also called the leukocyte count expressed as 4.3 to 10.8 X 109 cells per liter. Patient in the report has a WBC of 3400 which is lower than normal. |
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Term
2-1
Hemoglobin 11.7 grams - hemoglobin is the volume of blood, hemoglobin being a protein molecule within red blood cells that carries oxygen and gives blood its red color |
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Definition
| normal range is usually 13 to 18 grams per deciliter for men and 12 to 16 for women, patient's hemoglobin was 11.7 which means unusually low for a male. International units are 8.1 to 11.2 millmoles for men and 7.4 to 9.9 for women , 11.7 is barely average for this Egyptian patient in Transcription 2. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transient - pertains to a condition that is temporary, transient low blood sugars, and decrease - to lower |
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Term
2-1
testosterone - principle androgenic hormone produced by the interstitial cells of the testes in response to stimulation by the luteinizing hormone of the anterior pituitary gland, responsible for regulatin of gonadotropic secretion, spermatogenesis and wolffian duct differentiation, male characteristics, containing anabolic properties, |
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Definition
| androgen - a substance that produces masculinization, |
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Term
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Definition
| - the process of identifying the nature and cause of a disease or injury through evaluation of patient history, examination of physical signs, symptoms, and a review of laboratory data, an opinion derived from such data,and a brief description of the distinguishing characteristics of an organism for taxonomic classification. |
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Term
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Definition
| the observation of a set of subjective evidence of disease or of a patient's condition as perceived by the patient, or a change in the state of the patient, which is an indication of a disorder. Specific symptoms would be pain, nausea or weakness often perceived by the patient |
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Term
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Definition
| trademark for an oral medication administered to people with diabetes to lower blood sugar as well as increas insulin production. |
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Term
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Definition
| b.i.d. is latin for bis. in die or twice a day, patient taking Glucophage 500 milligrams, twice a day, b.i.d., |
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Term
2-1
Prozac - trademark for fluoxetine hydrochloride, or an oral antidepressant. 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg, and 90 mg capsules, oral solution and tablets, 10 mg. Used in Major depressive disorder and other psychiatric disorders. Wellbutrin - used to treat depression, aka bupropion hydrochloride, 75 mg to 100 mg to 200 mg |
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Definition
| Patient was taking Prozac and Wellbrutin in amounts not specified in this transcription. Why? That's something to ask in the class discussions for Chapter 2. |
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Term
| 2-1
Vital Signs - the immediate signs of life, pulse, respiration,and temperature.
Readings in 2-1 were listed as T= temperature 97.1, Pulse = listed as 67. BP - 104/72, BP=blood pressure, |
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Definition
temperature - an expressed measuring of the human body's heat or cold in degrees, taken by using a thermometer.
pulse - the rhythmic expansion of an artery caused by the beating heart when blood pumps outward by regular contractions of the heart, average adult pulse is 60 to 100 beats per minute. The patient had a lower body temperature due to anemia and a pulse rate of 67. Blood pressure - the pressure exerted by the circulating volume of blood on the walls of arteries and veins and on the chambers of the heart, measured using a blood pressure cuff, mercury sphygmomanometer, and stethescope, blood pressure is taken in intervals. Systolic pressure is the sounds first heard, normal ranging from 100 to 125, and dystolic is 60-80, the sounds disappear. |
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Term
| 2-1
HENT - Head Eyes, Ear, Nose, Throat,
Normocephalic - to have a normal head, a person whose head and all major organs are normal,
atraumatic - without trauma, acupressure causes little trauma to no trauma and can be atraumatic, while a needle stick causes trauma to the skin. |
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Definition
Oropharynx - the part of the airway into which the mouth leads, part of the pharynx.
-without lesions - to have no skin abnormalities inside the mouth. Part of the pharynx between the soft palate and the upper edge of the epiglottis, the pharynx seperate from the nasopharynx and laryngeal pharynx. |
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Term
2-1
Nares Patent- plural form of naris, nose, nares= noses, patent= left nostril, not blocked, |
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Definition
nares patent - means that the left nasal passage is open,
TMs- tympanic membranes (to do with Ear, Nose, Throat,), and refers to the interior architecture of the ear. The thin partition between the external acoustic meatus and the middle ear, often the part of the ear that can rupture due to exposure to pressure. TMs were not examined because of a hearing aid on the right. |
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Term
| 2-1 TM- tympanic membrane (eardrum) - |
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Definition
| TMs not examined means that he did not check the patient's ear drums since he wasn't having respiratory problems because of a cold. |
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Term
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Definition
| An electroacoustic device used to enhance hearing in the ears. |
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Term
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Definition
| a term that describes a collection of symptoms resulting in a variety of anomalies such as tumors, growths, or cancers of the blood that results in mutations, |
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Term
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Definition
| The anemic patient's mother in 2-1, had heart disease. Heart disease is a non-specific term referring to structural abnormalities that affect the function of the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| elevated body temperature as a body's response to infections caused by invading virus or bacteria. 97-98 is a normal body temperature. 99 is the beginning of a fever and anything above 100 is a fever. |
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Term
| 2-1, sweats - severe hot flashes that occur in the middle of the night from fever, type 1 diabetes low blood sugar, or type 2 diabetes low blood sugar. In the case of this particular transcription, the patient is having no night sweats from low blood sugar because his diabetes is in control. |
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Definition
| sweating can also happen from leukemia or lymphoma, tuberculousis, stroke, diverticulitis, bone cancer, swollen lymph nodes (caused by infections), hyperthyroidism (high thyroid hormone levels), menopause, low blood sugar, Hodgkin's disease, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, tonsilitis, adrenal gland tumor, chronic fatigue syndrome, hot flashes, carinoid syndrome, hyperhidrosis (you sweat a lot), alternative treatments for menopause such as hormone replacement therapy and SSRIs, Valley fever - a flu-like illness lasting two-to-six weeks, endocarditis, - heart muscle infection, vaginal dryness, premature ovarian failure, |
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Term
| 2-1 - rigors - chill from the onset of high fever, since the patient has no fever, he has no rigors or fever tremors/chills/shaking |
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Definition
| 2-1 - from the Latin, Rigor, to be stiff, |
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Term
| 2-1 - blurred vision - the patient had no blurred vision which is a lack of sharpness of vision that does not allow people to see details, may result from near or far- sightedness |
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Definition
| Blurred vision can be caused by blood sugar problems or migraine and stroke. Since the patient has his blood sugar under control, he doesn't have blurred vision. |
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Term
| 2-1 - decreased hearing, right-ear, no tinnitus (constant ringing in ear), |
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Definition
| The patient has decreased hearing in his right ear, and the doctor notes he has a hearing aid in his right ear. |
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Term
| 2-1, Epistaxis - nosebleed, when the nose begins to spontaneously drip blood in dry climates or during the winter months |
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Definition
| Patient had no nosebleeds, doctor notes. |
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Term
2-1 - vertigo, - a feeling of dizziness resulting in a lack of equilibrium, can be accompanied by nausea and vomiting, mostly an inner ear problem
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Definition
| 2-1- the doctor states that the patient didn't have an inner ear problem/vertigo. |
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Term
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Definition
| mouth ulcer, common in diabetic patients who have high blood sugar, but the patient's blood sugar is under control, caused by physicla abrasion, acidic fruit, medical conditions, cancer, |
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Term
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Definition
| - cancer, infection, thyroid nodules, or benign tumors, |
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Term
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Definition
| A common symptom of a heart attack, the patient had no chest pain. |
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Term
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Definition
Palpitations - irregular or forced beating of the heart, the patient had no heart palpitations as noted by the doctor in this exercise.
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Term
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Definition
| Orthopnea: The inability to breathe easily unless one is sitting up straight or standing erect. The patient had no orthopnea in his examination. |
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Term
| 2-1 PND - Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, a breathing disorder causing severe shortness of breath generally occuring at night only relieved by sitting upright, and related to congestive heart failure |
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Definition
| The patient had no PND or signs of congestive heart failure. |
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Term
| 2-1 - Dyspnea - related to respiration |
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Definition
| Dyspnea - related to breathing, a difficulty breathing, labored breathing, shortness of breath, |
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Term
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Definition
| The coughing up of blood from an airway once or multiple times, often caused by tuberculosis or bronchitis. The patient in this report does not have bronchitis. |
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Term
| 2-1 anorexia - an eating disorder found mostly in adolescent females but that can occur in any person refusing to maintain a normal body weight |
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Definition
| With type 1 diabetes, rapid weight loss can occur with blood sugars that are not in control. A diabetic can suddenly plunge into a low weight situation. The doctor did not find this in the patient in 2-1. |
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Term
2-1 GI - gastrointestinal tract, bowel changes - general term for differences in bowel sounds
melena - black tarry stool that consists of some blood and results from bleeding in the upper GI tract, sign of peptic ulcer or other bowel disease |
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Definition
hematochezia - the passage of bloody stools was not noted in this patient's exam.
dyspepsia - difficulty with digestion that includes bloating, heart burn, nausea, vomiting, stomach discomfort |
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Term
| 2-1 GU - genitourinary, burning - a symptom of urinary tract infection that causes burning urination, frequency of urination as one diabetes symptom or hematuria - |
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Definition
| hematuria - the presence of blood in the urine often accompanied by burning sensations |
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Term
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Definition
| rash - a temporary eruption on the skin |
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Term
| 2-1 MS - muscular structure - arthralgias, no severe pain in multiple joints/bone pain of any other kind. |
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Definition
| ostealgia - pain in the bones |
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Term
| 2-1 skin - the largest organ in the body,
rash - a temporary spotty eruption on the skin that shows up from irration
itching - intense sensation that leads someone to scratch the affected area
lesions - an infected wound on a patch of skin that shows a physical change in the skin |
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Definition
breasts - in males, a rudimentary mammary gland that does not secrete milk,
nipple changes - any change affecting the nipple region of the breast, central part of the breast in males and females |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)
A form of dyspnea characterized by the patient's waking from sleep unable to breathe. |
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Term
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Definition
| difficulty breathing/shortness of breath, various causes, |
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Term
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Definition
| Hemoptysis is the coughing up of blood or bloody sputum from the lungs or airway. It may be either self-limiting or recurrent. Massive hemoptysis is defined as 200-600 mL of blood coughed up within a period of 24 hours or less. |
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Term
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Definition
he·ma·to·che·zi·a (h[image][image]m[image]-t[image]-k[image][image]z[image]-[image], h[image]-m[image]t[image][image]-)
n.
The passage of bloody stools.
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Term
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Definition
dyspepsia -
Definition
Dyspepsia can be defined as painful, difficult, or disturbed digestion, which may be accompanied by symptoms such as nausea and vomiting, heartburn, bloating, and stomach discomfort. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
vi·po·ma (v-pm)
n.
An endocrine tumor, usually originating in the pancreas, that produces a vasoactive intestinal polypeptide believed to cause profound cardiovascular and electrolyte changes with vasodilatory hypotension, watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, and dehydration. |
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Term
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Definition
Whipple procedure
Pancreaticoduodenectomy Surgery The removal of part or all of the pancreas, duodenum, proximal jejunum, distal stomach, common bile duct; it is the surgery of choice for periampullary pancreas CA. See Pancreas cancer. |
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Term
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Definition
| To most individuals, diarrhea means an increased frequency or decreased consistency of bowel movements; however, the medical definition is more exact than this. In many developed countries, the average number of bowel movements is three per day. However, researchers have found that diarrhea best correlates with an increase in stool weight; stool weights above 10oz (300 gs) per day generally indicates diarrhea. This is mainly due to excess water, which normally makes up 60-85% of fecal matter. |
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Term
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Definition
metastasis /me·tas·ta·sis/ (mĕ-tas´tah-sis) pl. metas´tases
1. transfer of disease from one organ or part of the body to another not directly connected with it, due either to transfer of pathogenic microorganisms or to transfer of cells; all malignant tumors are capable of metastasizing.
2. a growth of pathogenic microorganisms or of abnormal cells distant from the site primarily involved by the morbid process.metastat´ic |
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Term
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Definition
| cat scan, in 2-2, a chest scan/bone scan. |
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Term
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Definition
2-2 MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
The abbreviated term for magnetic resonance imaging. MRI uses a large circular magnet and radio waves to generate signals from atoms in the body. These signals are used to construct images of internal structures. |
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Term
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Definition
hepatic - related to the liver, hepatic resection- surgical removal of part of the liver, affected by a tumor,
Hepatic Resection
Surgical resection continues to be the best therapy for malignant hepatic tumors and symptomatic benign lesions. Mortality and morbidity rates are 1-2% and 20-25% respectively. |
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Term
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Definition
ablation - to cut through, or remove a body part, usually with the intent of destroying, (THER-mul a-BLAY-shun)
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A procedure using heat to remove tissue or a part of the body, or destroy its function. For example, to remove the lining of the uterus, a catheter is inserted through the cervix into the uterus, a balloon at the end of the catheter is inflated, and fluid inside the balloon is heated to destroy the lining of the uterus. |
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Definition
chemotherapy Treatment with drugs that kill cancer cells. |
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