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| thin, flattened structure; term used to describe the leaf-shaped structures that compose a heart valve |
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| tubular space or channel within any organ or structure of the body; space within an artery, vein, intestine, or tube |
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| circular muscle found in a tubular structure or hollow organ that constricts or dilates to regulated passage of substances through its openings |
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| state of being sticky or gummy |
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| vessel (usually lymph or blood) |
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| vessel (usually lymph or blood) |
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| localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery |
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| condition of being stopped or bringing to a stop |
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| loss of effective cardiac function, which results in cessation of circulation |
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| cessation of the circulation of blood due to ventricular standstill or fibrillation |
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| inability of the heart to maintain a normal sinus rhythm, possible including a rapid or slow beat or skipping a beat; also called dysrhythmia |
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| soft blowing sound heard on auscultation, possibly due to vibrations associated with the movement of blood, valvular action, or both; also called murmur |
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| narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta |
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| calculation of how much blood a ventricle can eject with one contraction |
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| area of tissue that undergoes necrosis following cessation of blood supply |
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| implantable cardioverterdefibrillator |
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| Implantable battery-powered device that monitors and automatically corrects centricular tachycardia or fibrillation by sending electrical impulses to the heart |
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| local and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to circulatory obstruction |
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| common and occasionally serious condition in which the leaflets of the mitral valve prolapse into the left atrium during systole causing a characteristic murmur heard on auscultation |
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| failture of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth, allowing blood to flow from the aorta into the pulmonary (lung) artery |
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| circulation of blood through tissues or the passage of fluids through vessels of an organ |
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| congenital anomaly consisting of 4 elements: 1. pulmonary artery stenosis; 2. interventricular septal defect; 3. transposition of the aorta, so that both ventricles empty into the aorta; 4. right ventricular hypertrophy caused by increased workload of the right ventricle |
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| slender or threadlike device used to hold open vessels, tubes, or obstructed arteries |
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| cardiac catheterization (CC) |
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| passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart |
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| ECG taken with a small portable recording system capable of storing up to 24 hours of ECG tracings |
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| ECG that utilizes a radioisotope to evaluate coronary blood flow |
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| ECG taken under controlled exercise conditions |
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| blood test that measures troponin T, troponin I, and creatinine kinase (CK-MB) |
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| series of tests (total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides) used to assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease |
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| radiographic imaging of the heart and blood vessels after injection of a contrast dye |
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| angiography to determine the degree of obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart |
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| angiography in which two radiographic images are obtained, the first one without contrast material and the second one after a contrast material has been injected, and then compared by a computer that digitally subtracts (removes) the images of soft tissues, bones, and muscles, leaving only the image of vessels with contrast |
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| radiological examination of the aorta and its branches following injection of a contrast medium via a catheter |
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| noninvasive diagnostic method that uses ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures and produce images of the heart |
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| noninvasive adaptation of ultrasound technology in which blood flow velocity is assessed in different areas of the heart |
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| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
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| noninvasive technique that uses radiowaves and a strong magnetic field, rather than an x-ray beam, to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images of blood vessels |
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| multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) |
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| nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to produce movie-like images of the structures of the heart, including the myocardium and the mitral and tricuspid valves |
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| imaging technique that provides a graphic display of heart sounds and murmurs during the cardiac cycle |
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| diagnostic test that uses radiation emitted by the body after an injection of radioactive substances to create images of various organs or identify body functions and diseases |
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| scintigraphy procedure that uses injected radioactive thallium and records the uptake of the isotope with a gamma camera to produce and image |
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| radiography of a vein after injection of a contrast medium to detect incomplete filling of a vein which indicates obstruction |
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| procedure to restore normal rhythm of the heart by applying a controlled electrical shock to the exterior of the chest |
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| technique used to block blood flow to a site by passing a catheter to the area and injecting a synthetic material or medication specially designed to occlude the blood vessel |
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| injection of a chemical irritant (sclerosing agent) into a vein to produce inflammation and fibrosis that destroys the lumen of the vein |
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| procedure that alters a vessel through surgery or dilation of the vessel using a balloon catheter |
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| coronary artery bypass graft |
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| surgical procedure that uses a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked part of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscle |
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| percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty |
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| dilation of an occluded vessel using a balloon catheter under fluoroscopic guidance |
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| removal of material from an occluded vessel using a specially designed catheter fitted with a cutting or grinding device |
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| removal and examination of a small piece of tissue for diagnostic purposes |
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| removal and examination of a segment of an arterial vessel wall to confirm inflammation of the wall or arteritis, a type of vasculitis |
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| destruction of conduction tissue of the heart to interrupt the abnormal conduction pathway causing the arrythmia, this allowing normal heart rhythm to resume |
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| surgical separation of the leaflets of the mitral valve, which have fused together at their "commissures" (points of touching) |
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| procedure used to remove or treat varicose veins |
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| tying a varicose vein (ligation) followed by removal (stripping) of the affected segment |
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| surgical procedure performed on or within the exposed heart, usually with the assistance of a heart-lung machine |
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| puncturing of the pericardium to remove excess fluid from the pericardial sac or to test for protein, sugar, and enzymes or determine the causative organism of pericarditis |
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| destruction of a blood clot using anticlotting agents called clot-busters, such as tissue plasminogen activator |
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| intravascular thrombolysis |
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| infusion of a thrombolytic agent into a vessel to dissolve a blood clot |
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| incision of a valve to increase the size of the opening; used in treating mitral stenosis |
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| puncture of a vein by a needle attaches to a syringe or catheter to withdraw a specimen of blood; also called phlebotomy |
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| angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors |
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| lower blood pressure by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I (an inactive enzyme) to angiotensin II (a potent vasoconstrictor). (benazepril-Lotensin; captopril-Capoten) |
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| prevent, alleviate, or correct cardiac arrythmias by stabilizing the electrical conduction of the heart. (flecainide-Tambocor) |
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| block the effect of adrenaline on beta receptors, which slow nerve pulses that pass through the heart, thereby causing a decreased heart rate and contractility (atenolol-Tenormin; metaprolol- Lopressor, Toprol-XL) |
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| block movement of calcium (required for blood vessel contraction) into myocardial cells and arterial walls, causing heart rate and blood pressure to decrease (amlodipine-Norvasc; diltiazem- Cardizem CD; nifedipine-Adalat CC, Procardia) |
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| act on kidneys to increase excretion of water and sodium (furosemide-Lasix) |
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| dilate blood vessels of the heart, causing an increase in the amount of oxygen delivered to the myocardium, and decrease venous return and arterial resistance, which decreases myocardial oxygen demand and relieves angina (nitroglycerin- Nitrolingual, Mitrogard, Nitrostat) |
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| treat peripheral vascular diseases, diabetic peripheral vascular insufficiency, and Raynaud disease (cyclandelate- Cyclan; isoxsuprine- Vasodilan) |
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| lower cholesterol in the blood and reduce its production in the liver by blocking the enzyme that produces it (atorvastatin- Lipitor; simvastatin- Zocor; simvastatin and ezetimibe- Vytorin) |
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