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| Four things present to define inflammation |
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| pain, redness, heat, swelling |
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| something you observe and complain about to the physician |
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| something the physician notices and can measure |
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| literally, "hardening of the fatty stuff" |
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| blockage of blood flow in the heart resulting in the death of muscle tissue |
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| "a falling forward" of a valve in the heart |
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| regurgitation (in context of the heart) |
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| "no rhythm" and "abnormal rhythm" |
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| a physician specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in the circulatory system, especially the heart |
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| a physician specializing in diseases of the blood |
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| Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) |
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| a printout recording of the electrical activity of the heart |
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| using ultra high frequency sound waves to form an image of the inside of the heart |
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| a long hollow tube (catheter) threaded into an artery up into the heart, followed by a material opaque to x-rays to allow imaging of coronary arteries to ID blockages |
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| phlebotomis/venipuncturist |
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| trained nurse or technician that draws blood for tests and may also start IVs |
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| membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord |
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| difficult, painful, abnormal |
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| hernia, abnormal protrusion of structure out of normal anatomical position |
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| development, formation, growth |
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| literally, "many hardenings," disease of unknown origin that manifests as multiple hard plaques of degeneration of the insulating layer of nervous fibers in the CNS |
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| Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) |
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| a stroke; many causes, patient may suffer paralysis, loss of speech, and/or loss of vision |
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| Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) |
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| a short period (less than 24 hrs) of insufficient blood supply to the brain |
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| Greek word for "seizure," a specific condition where seizures are intense and recur with some frequency |
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| a physician specializing in diseases of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves |
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| Lumbar (spinal) puncture or tap (LP) |
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| introducing a needle between the lower bony vertebrae of our spinal column in order to sample the fluid there |
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| introducing a radioactive element into the blood so as to image possible tumors in the brain |
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| Electroencephalography (EEG) |
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| an image (written recording) of the brain's electrical activity |
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| a specialized X-ray machine that takes multiple images of the body area from different angles and integrates the images into "slices" via a computer |
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| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
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| patient's body is placed within strong magnetic field; radio pulses affect the resonance of atoms in the tissues; a computer analyzes this info to show high resolution images of soft tissues |
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| Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) |
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| severe heartburn; weakness of the valve between the esophagus and stomach that allows stomach acid to reflux into the esophagus and irritate and inflame the lining, causing chest pain |
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| literally "yellow" in French; yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes from a backup of bile metabolic by-products from the blood into body tissues |
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| Diverticulosis/diverticulitis |
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| small pouches may form along the walls of the large intestine called "diverticuli" which if symptomatic, causing discomfort to the patient, is diverticulosis. These abnormal outpocketings may collect and not be able to empty fecal material which can lean to inflammation (diverticulitis) |
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| literally "orange-yellow" in Greek; a degenerative disease of the liver often developing in chronic alcoholics but with other known causes |
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| a potential complication of chronic alcoholism resulting in liver damage and obstruction of venous blood blow through the liver. The rising pressure in the veins causes an engorgement about the navel; the characteristic radiating pattern of veins is called a "caput medusae" |
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| bulging, engorged veins in the walls of the esophagus (often a complication of chronic alcoholism). The thin-walled, swollen veins are at a high risk of tearing, resulting in severe and/or fatal bleeding |
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| difficulty swallowing. May be related to GERD |
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| a chronic inflammatory disease primarily of the bowel. Typical symptoms are abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea, rectal bleeding. |
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| inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity. Symptoms include tender abdomen, rebound pain, rigidity of abdominal muscles, no bowel sounds |
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| a physician specializing in diseases of the digestive system including the esophagus, stomach, and intestines |
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| a physician specializing in diseases of the rectum and anus |
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| Guaiac Test (Hemoccult, Fecult) |
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| a special chemical test to identify blood in the stool (feces) |
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| a series of x-rays of the esophagus and stomach and small intestines having the patient swallow a "milkshake" of barium. Used to ID problems with swallowing, stomach ulcers, and twisting of the small intestines |
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| a series of X-rays using a barium enema to show the large intestine and rectum. Used to ID problems such as diverticulitis/diverticulosis, and tumors |
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| use of a flexible fiberoptic instrument attached to a video camera that can be used to directly visualize the esophagus, stomach, and large bowel |
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| ultrasonography (ultrasound) |
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| a procedure using high frequency sound waves to visualize internal organs. Primary used to visualize abdominal and pelvic organs |
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| laryngeal prominence, cartilage in the larynx |
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| literally, "an abnormal condition of dust in the lungs." Generic name for toxic particles caught in the lungs |
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| inheritable disease affecting mucous-producing systems of the body (lungs, digestive systems) due to body's digestive abnormalities related to abnormal mucous production |
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| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, of which emphysema is one of, results in progressive destruction of the air sacs in the lungs and loss of respiratory membrane for oxygen exchange |
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| a collapsed lung, literally "an imperfect expansion" in Greek |
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| a physician specializing in diseases of the lungs |
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| a specially trained technician who administers, among other treatments, inhalation therapy to patients with lung disease |
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| special x-rays of the vessels of the lungs |
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| visual examination of the larynx |
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| passing a special air-tube into the trachea so oxygen can be reliably supplied directly to the lungs without risk of inhaling vomit from the stomach |
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| to surgically reattach, fix in normal position |
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| a noninflammatory disease of the kidneys |
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| inflammation of the urethra |
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| frequently getting up and urinating during the night |
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| involuntary release of urine, most often in reference to "bedwetting" |
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| a physician specializing in diseases of the kidneys |
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| a physician specializing in diseases of the lower urinary tract (bladder and urethra). Also male equivalent of gynecologist |
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| looking into the urinary bladder with a fiberoptic instrument |
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| special X-rays showing the drainage pattern of the kidneys; dye opaque to x-rays inserted into bloodstream will eventually show details of the urethra, bladder, & kidneys |
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| procedure where dye opaque to x-rays is flushed backwards up the urethra and bladder and up to ureters to the kidneys |
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| an imaging technique displaying the urethra and bladder while urinating |
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| a procedure for cleansing the blood of waste products in individuals with complete kidney failure or who have had their kidneys removed. Blood is circulated and filtered through a machine to remove waste products; blood then returned to patient |
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| crushing kidney stones with sound waves |
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| literally, "below the fleshy spike." A condition in which the external urinary meatus (opening) opens anywhere below the tip of the penis rather than at the tip |
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| a fluid filled sac partially surrounding the testis |
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| dilated and twisted veins of the testis; sort of "hemorrhoids" of the scrotum |
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| literally "hidden testicle." a condition of lack of descent of one or both testes into the scrotum |
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| Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) |
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| swelling of the prostate gland which surrounds the base of the male bladder and urethra causing difficulty urinating, dribbling, and bedwetting. |
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| Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) |
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| the surgical cure for BPH. An instrument is inserted through the penile urethra to partially cut away the prostate to relieve obstruction of the urinary tract |
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| Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) |
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| PSA is a marker protein for prostate cell secretions which can be detected with a lab test. A rising PSA may be an early sign of prostate cancer. |
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| membrane surrounding entrance of vagina |
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| a chemical purported to stimulate sexual desire |
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| a sexually transmitted infectious disease |
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| a condition where both ovarian and testicular tissue are found in the same individual |
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| a continuous, painful erection |
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| a condition of compulsive sexual desire in men |
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| a condition involving colonization of the abdominal/pelvic cavity with islands of endometrial tissue |
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| Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) |
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Definition
| female abdominal cavity is open to the outside world; baceria make their way up the vagina, through the uterus, and traverse through the uterine tubes which open into the abdominal cavity. Inflammation of the lining of the peritoneal cavity causes abdominal pain. Many causes, one example is gonorrheal infections. |
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| the uterus is almost directly above the vagina; the cervix actually extends into the upper vagina. Ligaments hold the uterus in place so that it does not prolapse or herniate into the vagina. Severe prolapse can result in the uterus protruding from the vaginal opening. Surgery is required to correct. |
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| literally, "midwife" in Latin. A physician specializing in the diagnosis and management of pregnancy and delivering babies |
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| a physician specializing in diseases of the female reproductive system and surgery of this area. |
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| a surgical procedure cutting into the perineal area, the area between the vagina and anus in order to prevent tearing of tissues when the baby's head traverses the vaginal opening |
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| special x-rays of the uterus and uterine tubes involving passing an opaque dye backwards up through the uterus to determine if the tubes are patent. Since the uterine tubes are open into the abdominal cavity, if patent, dye should spill out and be seen on the x-ray |
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| using a magnifying instrument to inspect the interior of the vagina and cervix, the entrance to the uterus |
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| Dilatation and curettage (D&C) |
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Definition
| dilating the cervix and passing instruments that enable scraping off superficial layers of the endometrium. May be done as a therapeutic abortion, or following a normal pregnancy to remove residual tissue from the uterus, or may be done as a diagnostic procedure to examing lining tissue of the uterus |
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| surgical reconstruction of the breast; may involve breast enlargement or reduction or cosmetic reconstruction after mastectomy |
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| an anesthetic administered to block sensation around the lower vagina and perineum. This facilitates performing an episiotomy. (Random fact: pudendal means "that which we should be ashamed of" in Latin. |
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| "breaking off" in Latin. Premature separation of a normally implanted placenta before full term. Occurs in 1% of pregnancies, but has 20-40% fetal mortality & contributes greatly to maternal mortality. |
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| "leading the way" in Latin. A placenta implanted over the cervical region of the uterus blocking the entrance to the birth canal. Occurs in <1% of pregnancies but can cause significant bleeding and require a complicated delivery |
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| toxemia of pregancy; a serious and life-threatening condition that may develop during pregnancy involving hypertension, convulsions, and coma. |
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| "out of place" in Greek; a pregnancy implanted anywhere outside of the uterus. The Fallopian tube is the most common location, often called tubal pregnancy. Surgical emergency when it occurs; if allowed to expand, uterine tube will rupture and could case fatal hemorrhaging. |
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| painful, difficult, or abnormal intercourse |
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| tendon (binds muscle to bone) |
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| ligament (binds bone to bone) |
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| bursa, "bag" (shock absorber between tendons and bones) |
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| weakness, loss of strength |
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| development, stimulation, maintenance |
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| As we age, our joint tissues become less resilient to wear and tear and start to degenerate, manifesting in swelling, pain, and oftentimes, loss of mobility of joints |
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| arthritis in both joint soft tissues and the opposing bones |
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| autoimmune disease wherein the body produces antibodies against joint tissues causing chronic inflammation resulting in severe joint damage, pain, & immobility |
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| "porous bone," common to the elderly and especially women. Hardness of bone is proportional to calcium levels; when too much is dissolved and/or not enough replaced, bones lose density and are easily fractured. Estrogen helps maintain proper calcium levels in bones, thus why osteoporosis is more common in women (due to menopause). A collapse of bony vertebrae of the spinal column results in loss of height & stooped posture. Hip fractures are common. |
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Definition
| "soft bones." If not enough calcium is deposited during early childhood development, the bones do not become rock-hard, but rubbery. Another name for this condition is "rickets." This disease was common before vitamin supplementation to milk. Classic symptom is bowed legs. |
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Definition
| Tingling and/or pain in the thumb, index and middle fingers, along with weakness of movements of the thumb, especially grasping an object. Main nerve for finely controlled thumb movements passes through a bony/ligamentous canal on the bottom of the wrist. Repetitive flexing movements may inflame and thicken the ligament over the "tunnel" through the carpal (wrist) bones trapping and compressing the nerve |
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Definition
| repeated strain on a tendon, attachment of a muscle to bone, can inflame the tendon resulting in pain and difficulty with movement involving the muscle. Tendons have poor blood supply, therefore they typically take six weeks or more to heal |
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Definition
| A tearing of one of the tendons involved in muscle movement surrounding the shoulder joint; hard & fast movements can tear one of these tendons, causing pain & decreased mobility of the shoulder. Surgery may be needed to repair. |
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Definition
| a bursa is a small, closed back with a minimum amount of lubricatory fluid that serves as a shock absorber where bones make close contact and to minimize trauma and friction where tendons cross bones and joints. Inflammation leads to pain and immobility in a joint area. |
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Definition
| Inherited disease; leads to degeneration and weakness of muscles manifesting at birth. Condition may be recognized very early as "floppy baby syndrome." Child is later delayed in achieving motor milestones such as crawling, walking, etc. |
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Definition
| "Muscular weakness, profound." Autoimmune disease that involves the production of antibodies that interfere with nerves stimulating muscle contractions. Face & neck muscles are most obviously affected, manifesting as drooping eyelids, double vision, difficulty swallowing, and general fatigue. NO actual paralysis of muscles, but rapid fatiguing of function. |
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| Autoimmune disease wherein the body produces antibodies against a variety of organs, especially connective tissues of skin and joints. Mild lupus may involve a distinctive butterfly-shaped rash over the nose and cheeks. Mild lupus may also involve myalagia nad arthralgia. Severe or Systemic Lupus (SLE) involves inflammation of multiple organ systems such as the heart, lungs, or kidneys. |
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| "to straighten up children." Surgical subspecialty that historically devoted its time to treating musculoskeletal deformities in children. Nowadays, they still treat children with spine and limb deformities but also adults with complicated bone fractures, damaged tendons or ligaments, or needing surgery to replace a damaged hip or knee joint |
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Definition
| "to study the flux of fluids." Physician who treats joint diseases such as the various forms of arthritis; also evaluates and treats osteoporosis, tendonitis, gout, and lupus among many other chronic musculoskeletal pain disorders. |
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| Osteopath/Osteopathic Physician (D.O.) |
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Definition
| A D.O. is not a physician; they make use of osteopathic manipulation (bones, ligaments, joints) along with medication, surgery, and all other medical treatments used by MD physicians. Preventative care is a large part of this kind of care. |
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Definition
| "foot doctors." Surgical subspecialists in diseases and structural problems of the feet. Provide care for corns, calluses, ingrown toenails, and heel spurs; also treat foot and ankle injuries, deformities, and diseases. Also can prescribe special shoes and inserts to treat chronic foot pain and walking problems |
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| rehab specialists treating a multitude of medical problems including patients recovering from joint surgery, limb amputation, a stroke, heart attack, and suffering with chronic neuromuscular diseases |
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Definition
| a fiberoptic instrument is introduced into a joint cavity in order to visualize surfaces of bones entering into a joint, find tears in internal joint structures and evaluate sources of inflammation |
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Definition
| a radioactive element in very small amounts is introduced into the blood stream. The specially selected element accumulates in bone and using a much more sophisticated version of the old Geiger Counter instrument, the distribution of the element is used to diagnore potential bone tumors & other bone pathologies |
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Definition
| a recording of muscle electrical activity. fine needles are introduced into muscles in order to make recordings of contractile activity. Useful in evaluating causes of paralysis, diagnosing muscular dystrophy, and other neuromuscular disorders |
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Definition
| cutting out a small tissue sample of muscle in order to examine it under a microscope. Useful in diagnosing muscular dystrophy and other neuromuscular disorders |
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Definition
| literally "evil." a tumor/cancer that is invasive (spreads into surrounding organs) and metastasizing (traveling to other areas of the body to form new tumors). Invasiveness results in penetration, compression, and destruction of surrounding tissue causing such problems as loss of organ function, difficulty breathing, obstruction, possible catastrophic bleeding and severe pain |
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| non-threatening tumor/cancer |
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Definition
| most common form of cancer. Develops from sheets of cells that cover a surface (example: skin) or line a body cavity (lining of stomach). |
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Definition
| rare form of cancer arising from connective and supportive tissues. Examples: bone, fat, muscle, and other connective tissues |
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Definition
In reference to tumors; Grading: Grade I to Grade IV, used to describe tissue differentiation, Tumors that are well differentiated (still looks like original source tissue) usually have a good clinical outcome.
Staging: uses T, N, M in conjunction with Grading. "T" indicates size of tumor, "N" whether the cancer has spread into lymph nodes, "M" whether cancer cells have metastasized into other organs and areas. |
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Definition
| 1) Any injury to DNA may result in the loss of cell cycle control, leading to uninhibited cell division. 2) Carcinogens (known cancer causing agents, including radiation, chemicals, drugs, and viruses) 3) Environmental chemicals found in tobacco smoke, automotive exhaust, toxic emissions from factories and asbestos |
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Definition
| substances produced by tumors or the body's response to presence of a tumor |
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Definition
| cancer degenerates in response to radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| cancer that has a partial response to radiation or doesn't respond at all |
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Term
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Definition
| a treatment radiation dose is broken down into multiple exposures over several weeks to minimize side effects |
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Term
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Definition
| wide category of anti-cancer drugs; works by systemically killing any rapidly dividing cell, which causes many side effects such as hair loss, nausea/heartburn from death of stomach lining cells, fatigue and anemia from myelosuppression (suppression of bone marrow cells). Also at high risk of infection due to death of leucocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| surgery with follow up such as chemo, radiation therapy, or both |
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Term
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Definition
| destroying malignant tissue by freezing it with a cold probe. often used for soft tissues like liver or kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| "lightning" in Latin. Malignant tissue is destroyed with an electrocautery instrument (electric current) |
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Term
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Definition
| simultaneous tissue sampling and removal of a tumor with a safe margin of normal tissue. Frequently done with suspicious skin lesions |
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Term
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Definition
| to cut and remove a segment of an organ containing a tumor |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of the tumor and any surrounding organs or tissues that may be involved. often necessary for large abdominal sarcomas |
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Term
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Definition
| gives relief of symptoms of cancer, but does not cure and is reserved for advanced malignancy |
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