Contain granules that stain with a purple alkaline (basic) dye.  Release histamines and heparin when tissue is damaged.

Histamines - initiate the inflammatory process by increaseing blood flow, bringing added nutrients, immune substances, and immune cells that help in damage containment and tissue repair.

Heparin - anticoagulant and acts to prevent blood from clotting at the injury site.

Arise in the bone marrow from stem cells.  Their nuclei do not form lobes and are there by mononuclear leaukocytes.

Monocytes - mildly phagocytic in blood vessels - when they exit vascular channels, they transform into macrophaves, avid phagocytes capable of ingesting pathogens, dead cells, and other debris found at sites of inflammation.  Play a chief role in many activities associated with specific immunity.

Lymphocytes - include B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells.  B cells and T cells provide a specialized type of defence called the specific immune response, aimed at specific antigens.    Natural Killer cells provide a generalized defence and respond whenever a potentially dangerous or abnormal cell is encountered, killing by releaseing potent chemicals that rupture the cell membrane of abnormal cells.  NK cells are highly effetive against cancer cells and cells harboring pathogens.

-smallest formed elements found in blood.  Sometimes called thrombocytes, not cells, but fragments of cells.  Platelets initiate blood clotting (hemostasis). 

Clotting process: Damaged blood vessel constricts and platelets become sticky, aggregating at the injury and providing a barrier to contain blood loss.  Clotting factors in platelets and injured tissue release thromboplastin, a susbstance that initiates clot formation. In the final step of coagulation, fibrongen ( a soluble blood protein) becomes insoluable and forms fibrin strands that act as a net, entrapping blood cells.  this jellylike mass of blood cells and fibrin is called a thrombus or blood clot.

Blood Type A - A antigen (RBC), Anti-B   41% pop.

Blood Type B - B angigen(RBC), Anti-A    10%pop

Blood type AB  AB antigen  no antibodies 4% pop

Blood type 0 - neither A nor B  Anti-A and anti-B 45% population

consists of a fluid called lymph in which lymphocytes and momocytes are suspended, a network of transporting vessels called lymph vessels, and a multiplicity of other structures, including nodes, spleen, thymous and tonsils. 

Functions: Maintain fluid balance of the body by draining extracellular fluid from tissue spaces and returning it to the blood

2. Transporting lips away from the digestive organs for use by body tissues

3. Filtering and removing unwanted or infectious products in lymph nodes.

Ccomponent of the specific immune system that protects primarily against intracellular antigens such as viruses and cancer cells.  Cellular immunity is mediated by T cells that originate in bone marrow, but migrate and mature in the thymus.  The four Types of T cells =

1. Cytotoxic T Cell - the cell that actually destroys the invading antigen - determines the antigen's specific weakness and uses this weakness as a point of attack to destroy it.

2. Helper T cell - essential to the proper functioning of both humoral and cellular immunity.  Uses cytokines to activate, direct, and regulate the activity of most other components of the immune system, especially B cells.  If the number of helper T cells is deficient, the immune system essentially shuts down and the patient becomes a victim of even the most harmless organisms.

3. Suppressor T cells monitor the progression of infection.  when infection resolves, the supressor T cell "shuts down" the immune response.

4. Memory T cells - find their way to the lymph systemand remain there long after the encounter with the antigen, ready for combat if the antigen reappears.

gland

i.e. adenoid (resembling a gland)

clumping, gluing

i.e. agllutination.  Process of clumping (ation = process of)

base (alkaline)

i.e. basophil: attraction to base (-phil = attraction for)

embryonic cell

i.e. erythroblastosis: abnormal increase of embryonic red cells.  Erythroblastosis fetalis is a potentially fatal disease of newborns occuring when a blood incompatibility exists between mother and fetus.

color

i.e. hypochrmic: under coloration.

Hypocrhomic cells are erythrocytes that contain inadequate hemoglobin.  These cells are commonly associated with iron-deficiency anemia.

dawn (rose-colored)

i.e. eosinophil: attraction for rose colored dye.  the granules of an eosinophil appear rose colored when stained with eosin, a dye unsed in hematology.

red

i.e. erythrocyte.

granule

i.e.  graunulocyte.  Cell containing granulocytes in the cytoplasm.

hem/o

Hemat/o

blood

i.e. hemophobia: fear of blood.  (will faint when sees blood)

i.e. hematoma - mass of extravasated, usually clotted blood caused by a break or leak in a blood vessel.  It may be found in any organ, tissue, or space within the body.

immune, immunity, safe.

immunology includes the study of autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, and immune deficiencies.

kary/o

nucle/o

nucleus

i.e. karyolysis.  destruction of the nucleas, resulting in cell death.

white.

leukemia: casuses a profoundly elevated white blood cell count and a very low red blood cell count.

lymph gland (node)

lymphadenopathy is characterized by changes in the size, consistency, or number of lymph nodes.

lymph

lymph vessel:

i.e. lympangioma - tumor composed of lymph vessels

form, shape, structure

i.e. morphonlogy: study of form, shape, and structure.

bone marrow, spinal cord

i.e. myelogenic: relating to the origin in bone marrow.  Granulocytes are formed in the bone marrow and are thus considered myelogenic.

neutral, neither

neutrophilic: pertaining to an attraction for neutral dyes.  A neutrophil is a leukocyte whose granules stain easily with neutral dyes.

swallowing, eating.

i.e. phagocyte: cell that eats foreign material.  The neutrophil is phagocytic and protects the body by consuming foreing substances that may cause disease or injury.

formation, growth

i.e. aplasti: pertaining to a failure to form.  Aplastic anemia is a failure of the bone marrow to produce adquate blood cells.

varied, irregular. 

i.e. poikilocyte: cell that is irregular or varied in shape.

net, mesh

i.e. reticulocyte: cell that contains a net or meshwork.

A reticulocyte is an immature erythrocyte that contains strands of nuclear material. this material appears as a tiny net when observed microscopically.

serum. 

i.e. serology: stydy of serum

Serology includes the study of antigens and antibodies in serum as well as sources other than serum, including plasma, saliva, and urine.

iron

i.e. sideropenia: deficiency of iron.

Sideropenia usually results from inadequate iron uptake or from hemorrhage.

spleen

i.e. splenorrhagia: bursting forth of the spleen.  Splenorrhagia is a hemorrhage from a ruptured spleen.

blood clot

i.e. thrombosis: abnormal condition of a blood clot ( in the blood vessels).

thymus gland

i.e. thymopathy

foreign, strange

i.e. xenograft: foreign transplantation, also called heterograft

A xenograft is a cross-species transplant, such as a pig heart valve to a human recipient.  A xenograft is used as a temporary measure when there is insufficient tissue available from the patient or other human donors.

embryonic cell

erythroblast: embryonic red cell

blood condition.

i.e. anemia - any condition characterized by a reduction in the number of red blood cells or a deficiency in their hemoglobin

protein

i.e. hemoglobin = blood protein.

Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein found in RBCs that transports oxygen and gives blood its red color.

transplantaion

i.e. autograft: a surgical transplantation of tissue from one location of the body to another in the same individual

abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells)

i.e. leukocytosis: abnormal increase in white blood cells

decrease, deficiency

i.e. erythropenia: abnormal decrease in red blood cells.

attraction for

i.e. neutrophil: attraction for a neutral dye.  Neutrophils are the most numerous type of leukocyte.  They provide phagocytic protection for the body.

carrying, transmission

i.e. electrophoresis: carrying an electric charge

electrophoresis is a laboratory technique used to separate proteins based on their electrical charge, size, and shape.  It is commonly employed technique used to in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) testing.

protection

i.e. anaphylaxis: against protection.  Anaphylaxis is an exaggerated, life-threatening hypersensitvitiy reaction to a previously encountered antigen.  It is treated as a medical emergency.

A widespread and very serious allergic reaction. Symptoms include dizziness, loss of consciousness, labored breathing, swelling of the tongue and breathing tubes, blueness of the skin, low blood pressure, heart failure, and death. Immediate emergency treatment is required for this type of shock, including administration of antivenom in the case of bee or wasp stings.

formation, producation

i.e. hemopoiesis: formation of blood.  Hemostasis is the control or arrest of bleeding , commonly using chemical agents.

without, not

i.e. amorphic: without a definite form

other, differing from the normal

i.e. allograft: transplantation differing from the normal; also called homograft.  An allograft is a transplant between two individuals who are not identical twins but are genetically compatible.

unequal, dissimilar

i.e. anisocytosis: abnormal increase in cells that are unequal.  Anisocytosis generally refers to red blood cells that vary in size from normal to abnormally large or abnormally small.

same, equal

i.e. isochromic: pertaining to the same color

one

mononucleosis: abnormal increase of mononuclear celss: in infectious mononucleosis, there is an increase in monocytes and lymphocytes

many, much

i.e. pholymorphic: pertaining to many forms or shapes

any condition iin whicch the oxygen caryying capacity of blood is deficient, & is a symptom of vaious diseases.  Results when there is a decrease in the number of circulating RBCs erythopenia) the amount of hemoglobin (hypochromasia) within them, or in the voulme of packed erythrocytes (hematocrit).  SOme of the causes of anemias include excessive blood loss, excessive blood-cell destruction, decrease blood formation, and faulty hemoglobin production. 

Signs and symptoms of anemias include difficulty breathing, weakness, rapid heartbeat, paleness (pallor) low blood pressure, and commonly a slight fever.

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

AIDS

caused by the human immunodeficiency virus which slowly destroys the immune system allowing opportunisic infections. Symptoms of AIDS begin to appear gradually, and include swollen lymp glands (lymphadenopathy), malaise, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.  Kaposi sarcoma, a neoplastic disorder, and Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) are two diseases closely associated with AIDS.

HIV attacks the most important cell in the immune system, the helper T cell, which becomes a mini-factory for the replicationo f the HIV virus.  HIV destroys the helper T cell, whihc impacts the effective functioning of the humoral and cellular arms of the immune system, ultimately causing the patient's death.

acquired abnormal immune response that requires initial exposure (sensitization) to an allergen (antigen). Subsequent exposures to the allergen produce increasing allergic reactions that cause a broad range of inflammatory changes. S/S: hives (urticaria), eczema, allergic rhinits, asthma, and in the extreme, anaphylactic shock, a life-threatening condition.

allergens are identified by allergy sensitivity tests (i.e. small scratch tests). If allergic, the scratch becomes red, swollen, and hardened (indurated)

Aplastic (hypoplastic) - associated with bone marrow failure, diminished numbers of red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets due to bone marrow suppression, serious form of anemia that may be fatal: commonly caused by exposure to cytotoxic agents, radiation, hepatitis, and certain medications.

Folic-acid deficiency anemia: RBCs are large (macrocytic) and deformed with a diminished production rate and life span: caused by insufficient folic acid intake due to poor diet, impaired absorption, prolonged drug therapy, or increased requirements (pregnancy or rapid growth as seen in children).

Hemolytic: associated with premature destruction of RBCs, usually accompanied by jaundice: caused by the excessive destruction of red blood cells or such disorders as erythroblastosis and sickle cell anemia.

Hemorrhagic: associated with loss of blood volume, normal levels achieved with correction of the underlying disorder: commonly caused y acute blood loss (as in trauma), childbirth, or chronic blood loss (as in bleeding ulcers)

Iron-deficiency anemia: most common type of anemia worldwide - caused by a greater demand on stored iron than can be supplied, commonly as a result of inadequate dietary iron intake or malabsorption of iron

Pernicious anemia: chronic, progressive disorder found mostly in people older than age e50, treated with B12 injections: caused by low levels of vitamin B12 in peripheral red blood cells that may be the result of a lack of intrinsic factor in the stomach which then inhibits absorption of vitamin B12

Sickle cell anemia: most common genetic disorder in people of african descent, characterized by RBCs that become crescent and irregularly shaped when oxygen levels are low, thus preventing cells from entering capillaries and resulting in severe pain and internal bleeding: caused by a defect in the gene responsible for hemoglobin synthesis (A person must have both genes for the disease to manifest) those with only one gene for the trait are carriers of the disease.

filure of the body to distinguish accurately between self and nonself.  Immune system attacks the antigens found on its own cells to such an extent that tissue injury results. 

Myasthenia gravis - an autoimmune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction.  Muscles of the limbs and eyes and those affecting speech and swallowing are usuallyinvolved.

Rheumatoid arthritis

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpur (ITP)

Vasculitis

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

abnormal accumulation of fluids in the intercellular spaces of the body.  Major cause of edema is a decrease in the blood protein level (hypoproteinemia) especially albumin, which controls the amount of plasma leaving the vascular channels.

Other causes: poor lymph drainage, high sodium intake, increase capillary permeability, and heart failure.

Ascites: fluid collects within the peritoneal or pleural cavity, caused by inteference in venous return in cardiac disease, obstruction of lymphatic flow, disturbances in electrolye balance, and liver disease.

herediatary disorder in which the blood-clotting mechanism is impaired.  Two types

Hemophilia A - deficiency in clotting factor VIII, and

Hemophilia B- deficiency in clotting factor IX

sex-linked, most commonly found in men, women are carriers.

S/s = nosebleeds, easy bruising and bleeding from the gums.

Severe s/s = produce areas of blood seepage (hematomas) hemarthrosis, & associated with pain, and possibly permanent deformity. 

Tx: IV administration of the deficient factor.

an oncological disorder of the blood-formaing organs, characterized by an overgrowth (proliferation) of blood cells.  Malignant cells replace healthy bone marrow cells.

anisocytosis

(abnormal condition of without same/equal cell)

Draing in or out by suction. 

Bone marrow aspiration: Procedure using a syringe with a thin aspirating needle inserted (usually in the pelvic bone and rarely the sternum) to withdraw a small sample of bone marrow fluid for microscopic evaluation.

Representative tissue sample removed from a body site for microscopic examination, usually to establish a diagnosis

Bone marrow bx: removal of a small core sample of tissue from bone marrow for examination under a microscope and possibly for analysis using other tests.

Sentinal node bx: removal of the first lymph node (the sentinel node) that receives drainage from cancer-containing areas and the one most likely to contain malignant cells.

If the sentinel node does not contain malignant cells, there may be no need to remove additional lymph noede.

infusion of blood or blood components into the bloodstream.

autologous transfusion: transfusion prepared from the recipient's own blood

homologous transfusion: transfusion prepared from another individual whose blood is ompatible with that of the recipient.

grafting of living tissue from its normal position to another site or from one person to another.

Autologous bone marrow transplant.  harvesting, freezing (cryopreserving), and reinfusing the patient's own bone marrow to treat bone marrow hypoplasia following cancer therapy.

Homologous bone marrow transplantation: tp of bone marrow from  one individual to another to treat aplastic anemia, leukemia, and immunodeficiency disorders.

AB, Ab, ab: antibody, abortion

A, B,AB, O: blood types in ABO blood group

AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome

ALL acute lymphocytic leukemia

AML: acute myelogenous leukemia

APC: antigen-presenting cell

APTT: activated partial thromboplastin time

baso: basophil (type of white blood cell)

CBC: complete blood count

CLL: chronic lymphocytic leukemia

CML: chronic lymptocytic leukemia

CML: chronic myelogenous leukemia

diff: differential count (white blood cells)

EBV: Epstein-Barr virus

eos: eosinophil (type of white blood cell)

ESR: ertythrocyte sedimentation rate

Hb, Hgb: hemoglobin

HCT, Hct: hematocrit

HDN: hemolytic disease of the newborn

HIV: human immunodeficiency virus

Igs: immunoglobulins

ITP: idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

IV: intravenous

lymphos: lymphocytes

MCH: mean cell hemoglobin (average amount of hemoglobin per cell)

MCHC: mean cell hemoglobin

MCV: mean cell volume 9average volume or size of a single red blood cell)

ml, mL: milliliter

NK cell: natural killer cell

PA: posteroanterior; pernicious anemia; pulmonary artery

PCP: Pneumocystis pneumonia; primary care physician; phenocyclidine (hallucinogen)

poly, PMN, PMNL, polymorphonuclear leukocyte

PT protrhombin time, physical therapy

PTT: partial thromboplastin time

RA: right atrium; rheumatoid arthritis

RBC, rbc: red blood cell

sed: sedimentation

segs: segmented neutrophils

SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus

WBC, wbc: white blood cell