Term
|
Definition
| Most common abnormal location of the urethra orifice on the ventral side (underside when not erect) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rare abnormal location of the urethra orifice on the dorsal side (front when not erect) |
|
|
Term
| What are two other genital abnormalities that hypo- and epispadias may be associated with? |
|
Definition
-inguinal hernias
-undescended testes |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 clinical consequences of a hypo- or epispadias? |
|
Definition
-constriction of the orifice
-urinary tract obstruction
-urinary tract infection
-impaired reproductive function |
|
|
Term
| What causes an erection of the penis? |
|
Definition
| vasodilation fills the spongy tissue with blood |
|
|
Term
| What is peyronie's disease? |
|
Definition
| fibrous plaque prevents uniform lengthening as erection occurs. As the rest of the corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum lengthen, the penis bends toward the involved area. |
|
|
Term
| What is balanitis (balanoposthitis)? What is it associated with? what does it look like? |
|
Definition
-inflammation of the glans (plus prepuce)
-associated with poor local hygiene in uncircumcised men (irritant- smegma; infection- multiple bacterial or fungal origins; incidence 3% of uncircumcised men)
-distal penis is red, swollen, and tender (purulent d/c may be present) |
|
|
Term
| What is a phimosis? What is it usually acquired from? |
|
Definition
prepuce cannot easily be retracted over the glans causing due to distal penile inflammation. may be congenital
-usually acquired from balanoposthitis and scarring of prepuce |
|
|
Term
| What is paraphimosis? What does it cause? |
|
Definition
| prepuce is permanently retracted, stenotic prepuce traps the glans leading to urethral constriction |
|
|
Term
| Candidiasis of the penis is common in what pt? Use 3 adjectives to describe it. What does it involve? |
|
Definition
-diabetics
-erosive, painful, pruritic
-can involve the entire external genitalia |
|
|
Term
| Who does SCC of the penis occur in? What is the pathogenesis: risk factors, what appears first? |
|
Definition
->95% of penile neoplasms, but <1% of all CA in males
-mainly uncircumcised men >40 yoa
-poor hygiene, smegma, smoking, HPV (16 and 18)
-carcinoma in situ appears first, followed by progression to invasive SCC |
|
|
Term
| What are the three forms of carcinoma in situ of the penis? |
|
Definition
-bowen disease (plaque like lesion on the shaft of the penis--> 1 in 3 cases progresses to SCC)
-erythroplasia of queyrat (Bowen disease on glans penis-- erythmatous patch on glans penis)
-bowenoid papulosis (multiple reddish brown papules on the glans-- usually transient and rarely progresses to SCC) |
|
|
Term
| What is the clinical course of SCC of the penis? |
|
Definition
-usually indolent
-locally invasive
-has spread to inguinal lymph nodes in 25% of cases at presentation
-5 yr survival (70% without lymph node metastasis, 27% with lymph node metastasis) |
|
|
Term
| What is inflammation of the scrotum? |
|
Definition
Tinea cruris (jock itch)
-superficial dermatophyte infection
-scaly, red, annular plaques, pruritic
-inguinal crease to upper thigh |
|
|
Term
| WHat is the most common neoplasm of the scrotum? What is interesting about it? |
|
Definition
SCC
-first human malignancy to be associated with environmental influences (chimney sweeps in 18th century england) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most common cause of scrotal enlargement
accumulation of serious fluid within the tunica vaginalis
(infections, tumor, idiopathic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
accumulation of lymph
(filariasis (worm) elephantitis) |
|
|
Term
| What is cryptorchidism? What is the epidemiology? What are three possible pathogeneses? |
|
Definition
-failure of testicular descent into the scrotum
-approx 1% of males, and right > left, 10% bilateral
-hormonal abnormalities, testicular abnormalities, mechanical problems |
|
|
Term
| What is the clinical course in bilateral cryptorchidism? |
|
Definition
| tubular atrophy and sterility |
|
|
Term
| What is the clinical course in unilateral cryptorchidism? |
|
Definition
| -tubular atrophy may also occur in the contralateral descended testis |
|
|
Term
| What is the risk of malignancy in cryptorchid testis? what can be done for treatment? |
|
Definition
-3-5 times higher
-orchiopexy reduces risk of sterility and cancer |
|
|
Term
| Why does cirrhosis cause testicular atrophy? |
|
Definition
| one of the jobs of the liver is to break down estrogen |
|
|
Term
| Inflammation of the testes occurs in 20% of males with __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three consequences of mumps on the testes? |
|
Definition
-edema and congestion
-chronic inflammatory infiltrate
-may cause atrophy and sterility |
|
|
Term
| What can cause granulomatous inflammation and caseous necrosis of the testis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an inflammatory lesion of the testis that is a rare finding in middle aged men? |
|
Definition
| autoimmune granulomatous orchitis |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important cause of painless enlargement of the testis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the peak incidence age of testicular neoplasms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most testicular neoplasms are malignant or benign? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most testicular neoplasms are associated with germ cell maldevelopment, name two examples. |
|
Definition
cryptorchidism (10%)
testicular dysgenesis (XXY) |
|
|
Term
| 95% percent of testicular tumors arise from _______ cells |
|
Definition
germ
-intratubular germ cell neoplasms
-malignant
-isochromosome 12, i(12p) is a common finding |
|
|
Term
| How do patients with testicular cancers usually present? |
|
Definition
| with painless enlargement of the testis |
|
|
Term
| Where do nonseminomas usually metastasize? Where do seminomas? |
|
Definition
-lymph nodes, liver, and lungs
-usually just regional lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| what are two testicular tumors markers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organisms cause acute bacterial prostatitis? What is the pathogenesis? |
|
Definition
-same organisms that cause UTI's (e.coli and other gram negative rods)
-most also have infxn of the urethra and urinary bladder, rarely hematogenous spread |
|
|
Term
| What happens in acute bacterial prostatitis (morphology)? What is the clinical course? |
|
Definition
-acute inflammation, especially in the glands, with microabsesses, congestion and edema
-dysuria, frequency, back pain, pevlic pain, enlarged prostate, exquisitely tender, fever and leukocytosis sometimes, ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT |
|
|
Term
| If a culture for a chronic prostatitis is negative, what is it most likely caused by? |
|
Definition
chlamydia trachomatis
ureaplasma urealyticum |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common form of chronic prostatitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three different morphologies associated with chronic prostatitis? |
|
Definition
-lymphocyte infiltration
-neutrophils and macrophages
-some evidence of tissue destruction |
|
|
Term
| What is the clinical course of chronic prostatitis? |
|
Definition
| similar to acute, more resistant to ABX, often due to recurrent UTIs |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between nodular hyperplasia of the prostate and carcinoma? |
|
Definition
-NH: arises from CZ/TZ, early urinary obstruction
-C: arises from PZ, palpable by DRE |
|
|
Term
| What are two other terms for nodular hyperplasia of the prostate? |
|
Definition
glandular and stromal hyperplasia
BPH |
|
|
Term
| Nodular hyperplasia is associated with proliferation of both ________ and _________ elements. What else may play a role? |
|
Definition
-epithelial and stromal
-adrogens and estrogens |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common visceral CA? |
|
Definition
| carcinoma of the prostate |
|
|
Term
| what cause of CA death in mean is carcinoma of the prostate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what treatments have shown to inhibit growth of carcinoma of the prostate? |
|
Definition
| orchiectomy and or estrogen tx |
|
|
Term
| what is a common metastases of carcinoma of the prostate? |
|
Definition
|
|
