Term
Kingdom Fungi...
What is the suffix for all phyla? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Kingdom Fungi...
What is the suffix for all classes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kingdom Fungi... What is the suffix for all families? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kingdom Fungi... What is the suffix for all orders? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
union of the cytoplasm
results in N+N cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fusion of the nuclei
results in diploid cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fungal stage after plasmogamy and before karyogamy, when the cells are in an N+N state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hyphae that are non-septate (ie don't have septa) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sterol existing in cell membranes to make the membrane less rigid (unique from cholesterol in mammals) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fungus invades human tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| illness caused by ingesting the metabolites of fungi, but not the fungus itself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| illness caused by ingesting a toxin containing fungus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensitivity of the immune system to funal spores and metabolites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infections of the hair shaft or dead outer layer of skin (stratum corneum) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infection of the skin, hair, or nails |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chronic localized infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fungal infections of the body caused by dimorphic fungal pathogens- infection generally starts in the lungs then spreads throughout the body. Also called systemic mycoses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mutualistic association with the roots of plants. The fungus gains sugars made by the plant, while the fungus increases the surface area for plant absorption of water and nutrients. 90% of plants have mycorrhizae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mutualistic associations of fungi with algae or cyanobacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fungi that gain nutrients by living inside the cells of plants, while producing chemicals to deter other animals from eating the plant. Mutualistic relationship |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antifungal drug class that binds to ergosterols, forming pores in and disrupting the cell membrane.
Includes Amphotericin B and Nystatin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An antifungal in the polyene class. Binding to ergosterol causes leakage of cytoplasmic contents. At high doses, will bind to cholesterol in mammalian cells, and be toxic. May only be administered intravenously in hospitals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An antifungal drug in the polyene class. Forms pores in the cell membrane by binding to ergosterols. May only be used topically because it is toxic when administered systemically. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A class of antifungal drugs that inhibits ergosterol synthesis, making the cell membrane less stable. Any given azole may inhibit a different step in ergosterol synthesis. In general, are less toxic to patients than polyenes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An antifungal that competes with chitin for binding of chitin synthase. This blocks chitin synthesis and results to weakened cell walls susceptible to osmotic lysis. (not yet licensed for use) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A class of antifungals that inhibit the enzyme necessary for glucan synthesis. This leads to weakened cell walls susceptible to osmotic lysis. (not yet available for use) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A class of antifungals that bind mannose molecules together in an insoluble complex, removing them from the cell wall. This makes the cell wall weak and susceptible to leakage of critical cell components. (not yet available for use) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An antifungal that may be used systemically to fight dermatophyte infections. This drug works by disrupting the mitotic spindle. While there is little toxicity to humans, the treatment course must last for weeks, months, or even years. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An antifungal drug that inserts into fungal RNA causing inhibition of both DNA and RNA synthesis, and cause translation mistakes. Fungi can develop resistance to this drug, so it is most effective when used along with Amphotericin B. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An antifungal drug class that inhibits elongation factors during protein synthesis. This stunts the growth and functioning of the fungal cell. |
|
|
Term
[image]
Which phylum does this belong to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fungal phylum that has motile sexual and asexual spores, indicating an aquatic ancestor. Considered to be the most primitive of the fungi. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Phylum of fungi creating both sexual and asexual spores.
Sexual: zygospores in a zygosporangium when two hyphae meet and mate
Asexual: spores are contained in sporangia which form at the ends of hyphae |
|
|
Term
[image]
Which phylum does this belong to? |
|
Definition
Zygomycota
Showing the sexual state- zygosporangium |
|
|
Term
[image]
What phylum does this belong to? |
|
Definition
Zygomycota
Showing the asexual state- sporangium |
|
|
Term
[image]
Which phylum does this belong to? |
|
Definition
Ascomycota
Showing the sexual state- asci (singular- ascus) |
|
|
Term
[image]
Which phylum does this belong to? |
|
Definition
Ascomycota
Showing the asexual state- conidia |
|
|
Term
[image]
Which phylum does this belong to? |
|
Definition
Basidiomycota
Depicting basidiospores borne on a basidium.
Typically, this phylum does not make asexual spores. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of fruiting body of the Ascomycota. A closed structure containing circular asci. "Cleisto"= closed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of fruiting body in the Ascomycota in which asci are located on an open sheath (called hymenium) "Apo"=open |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of fruiting body in the Ascomycota containing several asci, each with their own opening into the environment. Locules are also known as "pseudoperithecia" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of fruiting body in the Ascomycota, in which several asci are contained in one larger sack with a single opening into the environment. "Peri"= around |
|
|
Term
[image]
What are these structures for? |
|
Definition
| All the structures are types of fruiting bodies in the Ascomycota. Each is simply a different method of distributing the sexual spores. (asexual spores are contained in what is known as a conidium) |
|
|
Term
| Blastomycetes: includes what two orders? |
|
Definition
| Cryptococcales, Sporobolomycetales |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Deuteromycete in the class Blastomycetes
budding yeasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dueteromycete in the class Blastomycetes
yeasts that form spores that are forcibly discharged |
|
|
Term
| Coelomycetes: includes what two orders? |
|
Definition
| Spaeropsidales, Melanconiales |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Deuteromycete of the class Coelomycetes
produces conidia/spores in pycnidia, which are similar to the perithecia of Ascomycota. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Deuteromycete of the class Coelomycetes
produce spores in acervuli, which is a mat of hyphae inside the host tissue that eventually ruptures as conidia grow larger, releasing the spores |
|
|
Term
| Hyphomycetes: Includes what three orders? |
|
Definition
| Stilbellales, Tuberculariales, Hyphomycetales (Moniliaceae, Dematiaceae) |
|
|
Term
Hyphomycetales:
How is this group identified?
Contains what two families? |
|
Definition
Deuteromycetes of the class Hyphomycetes
form conidiophores that are scattered individually
Families Moniliaceae, Dematieaceae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Deuteromycete of the order Hyphomycetales, class Hyphomycetes
spores and hyphae are transparent or light colored. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Deuteromycetes of the order Hyphomycetales, class Hyphomycetes
characterized by dark colored hyphae and spores. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Deuteromycetes of the class Hyphomycetes
conidiophores are produced in structures called synemmata or coremia where the conidiophores are grouped/pressed tightly together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Deuteromycetes of the class Hyphomycetes
form sturctures called sporodochia/sporodochium which are thin pads of sterile hyphae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A superficial infection of the stratum corneum
lesions covered with thin scales
Malassezia furfur
found in tropics and subtropics
Treatment: selenium sulfide lotion, tolnaftate or imidazole creams, oral ketoconazole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lipophillic yeast that causes Pitriasis versicolor.
Also causes folliculitis and catheter-aquired sepsis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
superficial mycosis affecting the stratum corneum of the palms and soles of feet. Causes black, non-elevated, non-scaly markings.
Is commonly misdiagnosed as malignant melanoma.
Caused by Exophiala werneckii.
Treatment: topical agents like undecylenic acid and imidazole. Oral griseofulvin, topical tolnaftate and ampB are ineffective. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
infection of the hair shaft. Characterized by gritty black nodules that may completely surround shaft.
Caused by Piedraia hortae. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fungus that causes black piedra infection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Infection of the hair shaft- typically beard, armpit, and groin.
Forms a "sleeve" around hair shaft, hyphae interwoven throughout.
May be white, red, green, or light brown.
Caused by Trichosporon beigelii. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Erythrasma, Trichomycosis axillaris, Pitted keratolysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fungi that cause cutaneous mycoses- or infections of the keratinized tissue in epidermis, hair, nails.
Three anamorph genera: Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, Microsporum. All three are in the teleomorph genus Arthroderma. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tinea capitis- infection of hair and scalp
Tinea barbae- ringworm in beard region
Tinea corporis- ringworm/infection of the body
Tinea imbricata- an infection of the body that looks like concentric circles
Tinea pedis- ringworm of the foot
Tinea cruris- infection of the groin
Tinea unguinum- infection of the nail and nail bed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fungus that needs to mate with another strain to reproduce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fungi that are able to mate with either itself, or another mating type. |
|
|
Term
| Dermatophytes- general treatment |
|
Definition
-topical therapies for tinea pedis, tinea cruris, and tinea corporis:
Azoles, Tolnaftate, terbinafine.
Terbinafine (Lamisil) is the drug of choice. |
|
|
Term
Dermatophytes- treatment
Tinea unguinum |
|
Definition
Griseofulvin useful but have to continue treatment until healthy nail completely grows in
Terbinafine (Lamisil) is an allylamine that is effective and has few side effects. |
|
|
Term
[image]
What type of growth is this? |
|
Definition
Ectothrix growth in tinea capitis.
Arthroconidia are formed on the outside of the hair shaft. |
|
|
Term
[image]
What type of growth is this? |
|
Definition
Endothrix growth in tinea capitis
Arthroconidia are formed inside the hair shaft. |
|
|
Term
[image]
What is this fungus and what does it cause? |
|
Definition
Microsporum canis
zoophilic fungus found in cats that can also cause tinea corporus or tinea capitis in humans |
|
|
Term
[image]
What is this fungus? |
|
Definition
Microsporum gypseum
geophilic fungus that can cause some human infections |
|
|
Term
[image]
What is this fungus? |
|
Definition
Microsporum gallinae
zoophilic fungus- commonly infects chickens but is rare in humans. |
|
|
Term
[image]
What is this fungus? |
|
Definition
Microsporum nanum
Zoophilic fungus common in pigs but rare in humans |
|
|
Term
[image]
What is this fungus? |
|
Definition
Trichophyton rubrum
Anthrophilic fungus (primary host is humans) that is the most widely distributed human fungal pathogen |
|
|
Term
[image]
What is this fungus? |
|
Definition
| Trichophyton mentagrophytes |
|
|
Term
[image]
What is this fungus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
What is this fungus? |
|
Definition
Trichophyton verrucosum
special note: develops a structure called chlamydospores in order to survive through bad environmental conditions. |
|
|
Term
[image]
What is this fungus? |
|
Definition
Epidermophyton floccosum
The causative agent of athlete's foot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A subcutaneous infection characterized by presence of sclerotic bodies.
Causative agents are very confusing because some can produce different forms of anamorph. Example: Cladosporium carrionii.
Slow growing, may take years to become noticeable.
Treatment: surgical excision, chemotherapy, maybe Lamisil and azoles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An example of a fungus that causes chromoblastomycosis- a subcutaneous mycosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Subcutaneous infection by dematiaceous fungi- in histology can visualize hyphae.
Ranges from skin infection to infection of brain!
Exophiala jeanselmei: example of a causative agent |
|
|
Term
| Subcutaneous mycoses: types |
|
Definition
Chromoblastomycosis, Phaeohyphomycosis, Sporotrichosis, Mycetoma, Pseudallescheriasis.
Subcutaneous mycoses require traumatic implantation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Subcutaneous infection characterized by lesions adjacent to lymph nodes. "Rose-pickers disease"
Caused by Sporothrix schenckii.
Clinical presentation may include: osteoarticular sporotrichosis, eye infection (keratitis), systemic infection with CNS invasion, pulmonary sporotrichosis caused by inhalation.
Treatment: Oral potassium iodide, ketoconazole for cutaneous infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An example of a causative agent of Phaeohyphomycosis |
|
|
Term
[image]
What is this fungus? |
|
Definition
Sporothrix schenckii
The agent that causes sporotrichosis. This is a dimorphic fungus- one of few of medical interest.
In human tissues, may see different histopathological representations: yeast, "asteroid bodies", "cigar bodies" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The causative agent of white piedra- a superficial mycosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A subcutaneous infection of fungi that grow in tight clusters and create a swelled area. Histopathologically, the fungi appear as "grains" Another sign is pus draining to the surface of lesions.
Agent: caused by many types of fungi and actinomycetes. Example: Madurella mycetomatis.
Treatment: Antibiotic if actinomycete causative agent. Surgical excision in fungal infection- does not respond well to drugs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fungus that is one of the causative agents of mycetoma. Particularily common in India. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A subcutaneous fungal infection caused by Pseudoallescheria boydii (anamorph Scedosporium apiospermun) This fungus may cause any number of problems including meningitis, pneumonitis, endocarditis, and more.
Is difficult to distinguish from aspergillosis but important for treatment.
Fungus produces cleistothecia in teleomorph state but produces conidia of Scedosporium or graphium
Treatment: Ketoconazole is best, is very resistant to AmpB |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fungus that causes Pseudallescheriasis. Anamorph state is Scedosporium apiospermun. May also produce conidia similar to Graphium. |
|
|
Term
[image]
What is this fungus? |
|
Definition
Scedosporium apiospermun
The anamorph form of the causative agent of Psedallescheriasis |
|
|
Term
[image]
What is this fungus? |
|
Definition
Pseudallescheria boydii
The teleomorph form of the causative agent of Pseudallescheriasis. Image showing cleistothecia (Ascomycota) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a mushroom toxin class causing mycetismus. including amatoxins and phallotoxins that attack RNA polymerase in the liver- destroys livr and causes death.
Amanita species, Galerina autumnalis, Conocybe filaris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a fungal toxin causing mycetismus. destroys red blood cells and attacks CNS.
Gyromitra sp. -false morels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a fungal toxin causing mycetismus when combined with alcohol- because it blocks alcohol dehydrogenase.
Coprinus atrimentarius |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a fungal toxin causing mycetismus. induces perspiration, salivation lacrimation.
Clitocybe dealbata |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a fungal toxin that causes mycetismus. causes intense hallucinations
Amanita muscaria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a fungal toxin causing mycetismus. mushroom causes mild hallucinations and induces a trance-like state.
Psilocybe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
There are many fungi that when ingested cause GI irritation. Some examples:
Morchella (don't eat raw!), Chlorophyllum molybdites (common in US) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a Fusarium toxin causing mycotoxicosis. one of the trichothecenes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A Fusarium toxin causing mycotoxicosis. This is mostly a problem in pigs because it can cause genital malformation- is used as an anabolic steroid (estrogen analog) to grow bigger pigs. How much gets into our food? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A class of Fusarium toxins causing mycotoxicosis. Protein synthesis inhibitors by binding to ribosomes.
Examples: Alimentary Toxic Aleukia which is caused by eating molded food.. freeze/thaw cycles.
Yellow rain used during vietnam war on attack on hmong people. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A Fusarium toxin causing mycotoxicosis. Causes problems in livestock like pigs and horses. May be correlation to esophageal cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fumonisins, trichothecenes, Zearalenone, vomitoxin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A fungal toxin causing mycotoxiicosis. Similar to trichothecenes but made by Stachybotrys instead of Fusarium. thought to cause "sick building syndrome" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A penecillium toxin that is commmonly associated with apples. It can survive pasteurization processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A Penicillium toxin causing mycotoxicosis. neurotoxin that causes seizures and is found in many brands of blue cheese worldwide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An Aspergillus toxin that causes mycotoxicosis. May cause major problems and death in acute cases, is carcinogenic at low levels over long time periods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ergot poisoning from Claviceps purpurea causes mycotoxicosis. Causes strange symptoms especially due to vasoconstriction (burning prickling sensations, loss of limbs) some people also suffered hallucinations because ergotamine is metabolized to LSD. |
|
|
Term
| India ink or nigrosin test |
|
Definition
| Test to ID capsules around yeast. If capsule present, may be Cryptococcus or Rhodotorula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Incubate at 37 degrees
2hr45min: Candida albicans forms germ tubes
3hr: Candida stellatoidea produces germ tubes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
production of a thick walled intercalary or terminal cell- used for surviving in unfavorable conditions
Candida albicans produces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
after staining, ascospores will be red, others blue.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces octosporus, and Hansenula anomala will form ascospores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tests for the presence of urease enzyme
media turns red if urease present
Cryptocccus, Rhodotorula. Certain Candida sp. |
|
|
Term
| Carbohydrate assimilation tests |
|
Definition
test for ability of fungus to utilize a certain sugar as their sole source of carbon aerobically. dextrose, galactose, lactose, sucrose, maltose, and raffinose.
if positive, color changes from purple to yellow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tests whether a yeast can ferment certain carbohydrates. positive tests for fermentation results in gas (CO2) production
Commonly used to distinguish between Candida sp. |
|
|
Term
| Rapid nitrate assimilation test |
|
Definition
test to see if yeast can use nitrate as sole source of nutrients. Q-tip with nitrate reduction medium , add alpha-naphthalene and sulfanilic acid. color change on Q-tip to red is a positive test.
positive control= Cryptococcus albidus
negative control= Cryptococcus neoformans |
|
|
Term
| Caffeic acid-ferric citrate disks (CAFC) |
|
Definition
tests for the production of melanin. change to brown pigmentation is positive. No change after 24 hours is negative.
Cryptococcus neoformans is a known positive |
|
|
Term
| Candida albicans screening test |
|
Definition
detects production of L-proline and Beta-galactosamidase. Candida albicans is the only one that has both.
After adding various reagents- color change to pink indicates positive for C. albicans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Differentiates colonies of different species.
Candida albicans is green
Candida tropicalis is steel blue
Candida krusei is rosy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Histoplasma, Coccidioides, Blastomyces, Paracoccidioides |
|
|
Term
| Opportunistic fungal pathogens |
|
Definition
| Aspergillus, Candida, Rhizopus, Cryptococcus, Pneumocystis, Penicillium marneffei |
|
|
Term
What causes histoplasmosis?
(anamorph and teleopmorph) |
|
Definition
Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum: worldwide
Histoplasma capsulatum var duboisii: Africa
Histoplasma capsulatum var farciminosum: horse infection
Teleomorph: Ajellomyces capsulatus |
|
|
Term
[image]
What is this fungus and what does it cause? |
|
Definition
Histoplasma capsulatum.
Causes histoplasmosis.
Is a dimorphic fungus. |
|
|
Term
| In what geographic location is histoplasmosis found? |
|
Definition
worldwide
most highly endemic regions of USA are Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Illinois, Ohio
Grows best in soil with high nitrogen content- soil mixed with bird or bat feces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Starlings are a species of bird commonly associated with carrying Histoplasma capsulatum |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical types of histoplasmosis? |
|
Definition
Pulmonary
Cutaneous
Disseminated- including fulminanat and chronic forms |
|
|
Term
| How is histoplasmosis treated? |
|
Definition
Amphotericin B for most forms
Itraconazole for 6weeks to life |
|
|
Term
| How do you catch Histoplasmosis? |
|
Definition
Inhalation of conidia
In rare cases- injection of fungus in lab/autopsy accident |
|
|
Term
| What causes blastomycosis? |
|
Definition
Blastomyces dermatitidis
(teleomorph Ajellomyces dermatitidis) |
|
|
Term
[image]
[image]
What is this fungus and what does it cause? |
|
Definition
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Causes Blastomycosis |
|
|
Term
| Where is blastomycosis found? |
|
Definition
worldwide, but mostly in North America and Africa.
Blastomyces has never been isolated environmentally- only from human or animal infections. but most of therse are within 500m of some waterway |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical types of blastomycosis? |
|
Definition
Primary pulmonary
cutaneous
systemic (generalized or single organ system)
innoculation |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms that Blastomycosis, Histoplasmosis, and Tuberculosis all have in common? |
|
Definition
| cough, weight loss, chest pain, night sweats, fever, skin lesions, hemoptysis (coughing up blood) |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common sites of extrapulmonary blastomycosis? |
|
Definition
skin lesions
bone lesions- bone is eaten away
urogenital infection |
|
|
Term
| How is blastomycosis diagnosed? |
|
Definition
"big blue broad based budding yeast blasto"
AccuProbe method- PCR with a fluorescent probe |
|
|
Term
| How is blastomycosis treated? |
|
Definition
Mild infections: Itraconazole or ketoconazole
Severe: Amphotericin B + Itraconazole |
|
|
