Term
| What are 5 primary defenses of the skin? |
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Definition
| High sodium, oil and a pH of 5.5, dry, overlapping cells, and normal microbiota. |
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Term
| What are 6 primary defenses of the respiratory tract? |
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Definition
| Nasal hairs, mucus, sIgA, phagocytes, cilia, and swallowing. |
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Term
| What are 9 primary defenses of the gastrointestinal tract? |
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Definition
| Stomach acid, normal microbiota, peristalsis, mucus, sIgA, phagocytes, proteolytic enzymes, bile, GALT |
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Term
| What are the general primary defenses of the urogentital system (males and females)? |
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Definition
| Voiding urine (urethra), WBCs and sIgA (in the bladder) |
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Term
| What are female specific defenses of the urogenital system? |
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Definition
| Downward flow of mucus and lysozyme, ciliated epithelial cells, normal microbiota (lactobacilli, pH 5) |
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Term
| What is a tactic used by Bordetella pertussis and Neisseria meningitis, specifically, to bypass the defenses of the resp tract? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do some microbes like Vibrio cholera and Salmonella combat the defenses of the gastrointestinal tract? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are three ways microbes can enter the body through the skin? |
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Definition
| Break (wound, bite, burn), biting insect, hair follicles |
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Term
| How do fimbriae play a role in virulence? |
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Definition
| Attachment and avoiding engulfment |
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Term
| HIV and hepatitis B block the action of what host defense? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 7 ways for a microbe to avoid destruction by phagocytes? |
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Definition
| 1. Toxins to inhibit chemotaxis, 2. prevent/delay contact w/ phagocytes, 3. escape from phagosome into cytoplasm, 4. prevent fusion of lysosomes, 5. resist killing in phagolysosome, 6. resist oxygen dependent killing, 7. kill the phagocyte! |
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Term
| What keeps surface infections from going deeper? |
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Definition
| Temp, and mechanism of exiting the infected cell |
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Term
| What is a "short" incubation time? |
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Definition
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Term
| Surface/local infections rely mostly on specific-OR-nonspecific defenses? |
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Definition
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Term
| Systemic infections rely on specific-OR-nonspecific defenses? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do microbes replicate slowly or quickly in a local infection? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the order an infection destined to the brain would take? |
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Definition
| Entry into body, lymphatics, blood, internal tissues, brain, nerves. |
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Term
| ___toxins are secreted by GN and GP bacteria, usually extracellular. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___toxins are released when a bacteria dies. |
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Definition
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Term
| Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are an ___toxin. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Mast cell degranulation secondary to IgE (C3a and C5a ^^^), clotting of blood, and release of cytokines |
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