Term
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Definition
| Fluid inside a cell; tends to have large amounts of potassium, magnesium, and phosphate ions |
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Term
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Definition
| Extracellular fluids in which cells live; contains large amounts of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate ions as well nutrients such as oxygen, glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids |
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Definition
| Maintainence of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment |
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Definition
| Spaces between tissue cells |
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Definition
| Fluid that fills the intercellular spaces |
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Definition
| Large segment of the nervous system that works at a subconscious level and controls many functions of the internal organs such as the secretions by many of the body's glands |
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Definition
| Glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. |
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Definition
| Hormone that controls glucose metabolism |
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Definition
| Nerve receptors which are stimulated by the stretch of the arterial wall |
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Term
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Definition
| To divide into two parts or branches |
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Definition
| Portion of the medulla oblongata that regulates blood pressure and other homeostatic processes |
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Term
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Definition
| Prolonged muscle spasms without intervening periods of relaxation |
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Term
| Low potassium ion concentration in extracellular fluid |
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Definition
| Problem in homeostasis resulting with a person likely to be paralyzed as a result of nerves' inability to carry signals |
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Term
| High potassium ion concentration in extracellular fluid |
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Definition
| Problem in homeostasis resulting with heart muscle becoming severely depressed |
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Term
| Low calcium ion concentration in extracellular fluid |
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Definition
| Problem in homeostasis resulting with a person experiencing tetanic contraction of muscles throughout the body because of excess nerve impulses in the peripheral nerves |
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Term
| Low glucose concentration in extracellular fluid |
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Definition
| Problem in homeostasis resulting with a person experiencing frequent and extreme mental irritability and often even convulsions |
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Term
| "Gain" of a Control system |
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Definition
| Correction/Error in a control system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Homeostatic control mechanisms (positive/negative feedback) |
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Term
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Definition
| Multiple enzymes that are activated during blood clotting |
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Term
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Definition
| A deposit of fat and other substances that accumulate in the lining of the artery wall. |
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Definition
| Principle used by the brain in order to cause muscle contractions when body movements are too fast for the nerve signals to move from the body parts to the brain and back |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Modification/correction of reflexes after an error in them has occured |
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Term
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Definition
| The different substances that make up the cell collectively |
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Definition
| A class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes and that contain a diglyceride, a phosphate group, and a simple organic molecule such as choline |
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Definition
| Proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to their polypeptide side-chains. |
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Definition
| a saccharide polymer containing a small number (typically three to ten) of component sugars, also known as simple sugars. |
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Definition
| The polysaccharide of glucose (Glc) which functions as the secondary short term energy storage in animal cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| To scatter among, between, or on |
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Term
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Definition
| Having the shape of a globe or globule; spherical. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins that protrude all the way through a cell membrane; they can serve as receptors for water-oluble chemicals that cannot easily penetrate the cell membrane, as carrier proteins, as structural channels/pores, and as enzymes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins that are attached only to one surface of a cell membrane and do not penetrate all the way |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins that transport substances across a cell membrane that otherwise would not be abe to pass through the bilayer |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance that is able to bind to and form a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose. In a narrower sense, it is a signal triggering molecule binding to a site on a target protein, by intermolecular forces such as ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals forces. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins in the cytoplasm that relay signals fromt the extracellular part of the receptor to the interior of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Carbohydrate-attached lipids. Their role is to provide energy and also serve as markers for cellular recognition. |
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Term
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Definition
| Glycoproteins that are heavily glycosylated. They have a core protein with one or more covalently attached glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain(s). The chains are long, linear carbohydrate polymers that are negatively charged under physiological conditions, due to the occurrence of sulfate and uronic acid groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| The enzymatic process that links saccharides to produce glycans, either free or attached to proteins and lipids. This enzymatic process produces one of four fundamental components of all cells (along with nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids) and also provides a co-translational and post-translational modification mechanism that modulates the structure and function of membrane and secreted proteins. |
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Definition
| A polysaccharide or oligosaccharide |
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Definition
| Extracellular polymeric material (glycoprotein) produced by some bacteria, epithelia and other cells. May have a negative electrical charge that will repel other negative objects away from the cell; may attach multiple cells together and/or act as a receptor substance for binding hormones or even enter into an immune reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| A part or half of a molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| The clear fluid proprtion of the cytoplasm composed mainly of water, proteins, electrolytes, and glucose. In it, cell particles are dispersed. |
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Term
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Definition
| A watery medium (different from the cytosol outside of the organelle) that fills the tubules and vesicles of the ER. |
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Term
| Granular Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Definition
| Part of the ER organelle that has ribosomes attached to it. It is responsible for most of the protein production. |
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Term
| Agranular Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Definition
| Part of the ER organelle that functions for the synthesis of lipid substances and for other processes of the cells promoted by intrareticular enzymes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organelle prominent in secretory cells. It functions in association with the ER and forms lysosomes, secretory vescicles, and other cytoplasmic components. It has the capability of synthesizing certain carbohydrates that cannot be formed in the ER. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organelle that contains oxidases and catalases that oxidize many substances that would otherwise be poisonous to the cell. Detoxication from some alcohol occurs in this organelle in the liver. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that catalyzes an oxidation/reduction reaction involving molecular oxygen (O2) as the electron acceptor. In these reactions, oxygen is reduced to water (H2O) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). |
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Term
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Definition
| Common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms which are exposed to oxygen, where it functions to catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a chemical bond. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical reaction during which one or more water molecules are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Secretory vesicles/granules |
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Definition
| "organelles" used for storage and transport of substances inside the cell; may also secret substances from cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzymes that are not yet activated |
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Term
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Definition
| Berry-shaped termination of an exocrine gland, where the secretion is produced. |
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Term
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Definition
| Glands that secrete their products (hormones) into ducts (duct glands). |
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Term
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Definition
| A long chain of protein subunits (fibrillar proteins), such as those found in hair, muscle, or in flagella. They are often bundled together for strength and rigidity. |
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Term
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Definition
| The monomeric subunit of two types of filaments in cells: microfilaments, one of the three major components of the cytoskeleton, and thin filaments, part of the contractile apparatus in muscle cells. it is a globular, roughly 42-kDa protein found in all eukaryotic cells (the only known exception being nematode sperm) where it may be present at concentrations of over 100 μM. It is also one of the most highly-conserved proteins, differing by no more than 20% in species as diverse as algae and humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| The outer part of a cell's cytoplasm. |
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Term
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Definition
| A compound that participates in the chemical reaction that produces another compound. |
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Term
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Definition
| The large family of motor proteins found in eukaryotic tissues. They are responsible for actin-based motility. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to move spontaneously and actively, consuming energy in the process. It can apply to either single-celled or multicellular organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Globular proteins that make up microtubules. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the components of the cytoskeleton. They have a diameter of 25 nm and length varying from 200 nanometers to 25 micrometers; they serve as structural components within cells and are involved in many cellular processes including mitosis, cytokinesis, and vesicular transport. |
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Term
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Definition
| The structure that separates the chromosomes into the daughter cells during cell division. It is part of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells. Depending on the type of cell division, it is also referred to as the mitotic spindle during mitosis and the meiotic spindle during meiosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The accumulation of large amounts of RNA and proteins in the Nucleoplasm. |
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Term
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Definition
| A genus of motile, Gram-negative, non-sporeforming, highly pleomorphic bacteria that can present as cocci (0.1 μm in diameter), rods (1-4 μm long) or thread-like (10 μm long). Obligate intracellular parasites, thet depend on entry, growth, and replication within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic host cells (typically endothelial cells).[1] Because of this, they cannot live in artificial nutrient environments and are grown either in tissue or embryo cultures (typically, chicken embryos are used). In the past they were regarded as microorganisms positioned somewhere between viruses and true bacteria. The majority of these bacteria are susceptible to antibiotics of the tetracycline group. |
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Term
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Definition
| The occurrence of two or more structural forms during a life cycle, especially of certain plants. In the first decades of the 20th century, the term was used to refer to the supposed ability of bacteria to change shape or to exist in a number of morphological (changing) forms. |
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Term
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Definition
| A reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersal and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions, |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Injestion of minute particles into a cell by formation of vesicles consisting of extracellular fluid and particulate constituents inside the cell. It is the only means by which most large macromolecules can enter the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fibrillar protein which plays a major role in the formation of vesicles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Areas on the outer surface of the cell membrane where specialized protein receptors for pinocytosis are concentrated. The intracellular part of this area is covered with a latticework of clathrin as well as some contractile filaments such as actin and myosin. |
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Term
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Definition
| An open framework made of strips of metal, wood, or similar material overlapped or overlaid in a regular, usually crisscross, diagonal pattern. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which bacteria are altered by opsonins so as to become more readily and more efficiently engulfed by phagocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any molecule that acts as a binding enhancer for the process of phagocytosis, for example, by coating the negatively-charged molecules on the membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organelle formed inside the cell cytoplasm from a vesicle into which lysosmes had emptied their acid hydrolases. In it, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and other substances are hydrolyzed into products such as amino acids, glucose, and phosphates. |
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Term
| Residual body (during digestion of pinocytotic and phagocytotic foreign substances inside the cell) |
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Definition
| What is left of the digestive vesicle after digestion occurs. It is excreted by exocytosis and contains indigestible substances. |
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Term
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Definition
| The removal of a complete cell by digestion from ruptured lysosomes (due to damage to the cell). |
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Term
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Definition
| Bactericidal agent found in lysosomes which disolves the bacterial cell membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bactericidal agent found in lysosomes which binds iron and other substances before they can promote bacterial growth. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate |
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Definition
| Two important large saccharide polymers bound with small amounts of protein that are produced mainly in the Golgi appartus. They are major components of proteoglycans secreted in mucus and other glandular secretions; they are the major components of the ground substance outside cells in the interstitial spaces, acting as filler between collagen fibers and cells; and they are principal components of the organic matrix in both cartilage and bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of secretory vesicles fusing with the cell membrane in order to excrete substances; mostly stimulated by the entry of calcium ions into the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of an entire cell in relation to its surroundings; usally begins with the protrusion of a pseudopodium from one end of the cell which then projects itself out and partially secures itself (with protruding receptor proteins) to ligands in a new tissue area. Then, the remainder of the cell is pulled towards the pseudopodium. |
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Term
| Pseudopodium (pseudopods or pseudopodia in plural) |
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Definition
| Temporary projection of eukaryotic cells. It extends and contracts by reversible assembly of actin subnits into microfilaments. Filaments near the cell’s end interact with myosin which causes contraction. The whole structure extends intself until the actin reassembles itself into a network. This is how amoebas move as well as some other cells such as white blood cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Innate behavioural response by an organism to a directional stimulus or gradient of stimulus intensity. In this response, the organism has motility and demonstrates guided movement towards or away from the stimulus source. |
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Term
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Definition
| The phenomenon in which body cells, bacteria, and other single-cell or multicellular organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment. It is the most important initiator of ameboid locomotion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any chemical substance that causes chemotaxis to occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemotaxis from a lower concentration of a chemotactic substance to a higher concentration; the most common form of chemotaxis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Biological phenomenon, indicating growth or turning movement of a biological organism, usually a plant, in response to an environmental stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-directional movement or activity of a cell or an organism in response to a stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A whiplike movement of cilia on the curface of cells. Occurs only in two places in the human body: On the surfaces or respiratory airways and on the inside of the uterine tubes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A whiplike movement of cilia on the curface of cells. Occurs only in two places in the human body: On the surfaces or respiratory airways and on the inside of the uterine tubes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A small opening or orifice, as in a body organ |
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Term
| The ostium of the Fallopian tube |
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Definition
| The opening in the infundibulum of uterine tube into the abdominal cavity which is surrounded by fimbriae. In ovulation, the oocyte enters the Fallopian tube through this opening. |
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Term
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Definition
| A funnel (pipe) - shaped structure (cavity or organ). |
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Term
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Definition
| A fringe, border, or edge; a fringelike structure |
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Term
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Definition
| Cytoskeletal structure that makes up the inner core of cilia and flagella and serves as the ‘‘skeleton’’ of these structures. It is composed of ceveral microtubules alligned in parallel (the 9x2 + 2 structure) as well as some proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Motor protein in cells which converts the chemical energy contained in ATP into the mechanical energy of movement. It transports various cellular cargo by ‘‘walking’’ along cytoskeletal microtubules towards the minus-end of the microtubule which is usually oriented towards the cell center. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of motor proteins found in eukaryotic cells that move along the microtubule cables towards the plus-end of the microtubule. It is powered by the dephosphorylation of ATP and it supports several cellular functions during mitosis, meiosis, and transport of cargo such as axonal transport. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of enzymes that catalyze the decomposition of ATP into ADP and a free phosphate ion. This dephosphorylation reaction releases energy which the enzyme usually harnesses to drive other chemical reactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein that prevents microtubules in the outer layer of axonemes from movement with respect to eac hother. Otherwise vesicular transport proteins such as dynein would dissolve the whole structure. |
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Term
| Axoplasmic/axonal transport |
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Definition
| A cellular process responsible for movement of mitochondria, lipids, synaptic vesicles, proteins, and other cell parts to and from a neuron’s cell body through the cytoplasm of its axon. |
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Term
| Synaptic/neurotransmitter vesicles |
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Definition
| Vesicles in neurons that store various neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse. This release is regulated by a calcium channel. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemicals which relay, amplify, and modulate signals between a neuron and another cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Clusters of ribosomes attached to the same strand of mRNA during translation. |
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Term
| Peptide bond (amide bond) |
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Definition
| Chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amine group of the other molecule, thereby releasing a water molecule. This is a dehydration synthesis reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chief protein components of chromatin that act as spools around which DNA winds and play a role in gene regulation (DNA wound around them cannot be transcribed). |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical that can prevent the formation of the mitotic spindle (it inhibits microtubule polymerization by binding to tubulin, one of the main constituents of microtubules), and therefore mitosis even though the replication of DNA continues. Currently, it is mainly prescribed in the treatment of gout as well as investigated for its potential use as a anti-cancer drug. In neurons, it disrupts axoplasmic transport. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organic compounds that are not directly involved in the normal growth, development or reproduction of organisms. Their absense from the body does not result in immediate death. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disease hallmarked by elevated levels of uric acid in the blood stream. In this condition, crystals of monosodium urate (MSU) or uric acid are deposited on the articular cartilage of joints, tendons and surrounding tissues. It is marked by transient painful attacks of acute arthritis initiated by crystallization of urates within and about the joints and eventually leads to chronic gouty arthritis and the deposition of masses of urates in joints and other sites, creating tophi. It results from a combination of prolonged elevation of uric acid and overall acidity in the bloodstream. |
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Term
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Definition
| A deposit of crystallised monosodium urate in people with longstanding hyperuricemia. It forms in the joints, cartilage, bones, and other places throughout the body. Sometimes, it breaks through the skin and appears as white or yellowish-white, chalky nodules. |
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Term
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Definition
| Level of uric acid in the blood that is abnormally high. |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance that accelerates defecation |
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Term
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Definition
| Substance that induces vomiting. |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes in physical and functional properties of cells as they proliferate in the embryo to form the different bodily structures and organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the three germ layers found in embryos of some animals that forms during gastrulation when some of the cell migrate inward to form the endoderm, produce an additional layer that lies between the endoderm and the ectoderm. It allows for the formation of bones, cartilage, most of the circulatory system, connective tissues, mesenchyme, mesothelium, muscles, peritoneum, reproductive system, spleen, and urinary system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phase early in development of animal embryos during which the morphology of the embryo is dramatically restructured by cell migration (blastula to gastrula ). It is followed by organogenesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which, during animal development, the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm develop into the internal organs of the organsm. |
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Term
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Definition
| The start of a tissue that covers body surfaces. It emerges first and forms from the outermost of the germ layers. It generally differentiates to form the nervous system, epidermis, and the outer part of integument. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the germ layers formed during animal embryogenesis by the migration of cells inward along the archenteron from the inner layer of the the gastrula. It at first consists of flattened cells, which subsequently become columnar. It forms the epithelial lining of the whole of the digestive tube except part of the mouth, pharynx and the terminal part of the rectum (which are lined by involutions of the ectoderm), the lining cells of all the glands which open into the digestive tube, including those of the liver and pancreas, the epithelium of the auditory tube and tympanic cavity, of the trachea, bronchi, and alveoli of the lungs, of the urinary bladder and part of the urethra, and that which lines the follicles of the thyroid gland and thymus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The organ system that protects the body from damage, comprising the skin and its appendages. It has a variety of functions; it may serve to waterproof, cushion and protect the deeper tissues, excrete wastes, regulate temperature and is the location of receptors for pain, sensation, pressure and temperature. In humans the integumentary system additionally provides vitamin D synthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| An early stage of embryonic development in animals produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. It follows the morula and precedes the gastrula in the developmental sequence. |
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Term
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Definition
| The primitive gut that forms during gastrulation in the developing blastula. It develops ibto the digestive tract of an animal. |
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Term
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Definition
| An embry at an early stage of embryonic development consisting of cells (blastomeres) in a solid ball contained within the zona pellucida. It is produced by embryonic cleavage and after reaching the 16-cell stage, the cells differentiate. The inner blastomeres will become the inner cell mass and the blastomeres on the surface will later flatten to form the trophoblast. As this process begins, the blastomeres change their shape and tightly align themselves against each other to form a compact ball of cells. This is called compaction and is likely mediated by cell surface adhesion glycoproteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| An example of reticular connective tissue, a type of loose connective tissue, which is of mesodermal origin and located within the embryonic mesoderm. It is characterized morphologically by a prominent ground substance matrix containing a loose aggregate of reticular fibrils and unspecialized cells. The cells are capable of developing into connective tissue, bone, cartilage, the lymphatic system, and the circulatory system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A membrane that forms the lining of several body cavities: the pleura (thoracal cavity), peritoneum (abdominal cavity including the mesentery) and pericardium (heart sac). |
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Term
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Definition
| The serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity or the coelom — it covers most of the intra-abdominal (or coelomic) organs. It is composed of a layer of mesothelium supported by a thin layer of connective tissue. It both supports the abdominal organs and serves as a conduit for their blood and lymph vessels and nerves. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which the embryo is formed and develops. |
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Term
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Definition
| A glycoprotein membrane surrounding the plasma membrane of an oocyte. It is a vital constitutive part of the latter, external but not extraneous to it. |
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Term
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Definition
| The division of cells in the early embryo. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells forming the outer layer of blastocyst, which provide nutrients to the embryo and develop into a large part of the placenta. They are formed during the first stage of pregnancy and are first cells to differentiate from the fertilized egg. |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-cellular components of extracellular matrix containing the fibers. |
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Term
| Reticular fibers / reticulin |
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Definition
| Type of fiber in connective tissue composed of type III collagen that forms a fine meshwork that acts as a supporting mesh in soft tissues such as liver, bone marrow, and the tissues and organs of the lymphatic system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Smooth membrane consisting of a thin layer of cells which excrete serous fluid. These membranes line and enclose several body cavities, known as serous cavities, where they secrete a lubricating fluid which reduces friction from muscle movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Various body fluids that are typically pale yellow and transparent, and benign in nature, that fill the inside of body cavities. |
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Term
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Definition
| The outermost connective tissue covering any organ, vessel, or other structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| In vertebrates in the embryo stage, masses of mesoderm distributed along two sides of the neural tube that will eventually become dermis, skeletal muscle, and vertebrae. |
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Term
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Definition
| The premature death of cells and living tussue caused by external factors such as infection, toxins, or trauma. |
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Term
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Definition
| A gene that, when mutated or expressed at high levels, helps turn a normal cell into a cancer cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Physiological process involving the growth of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
| The formation of new blood vessels when there no pre-existing ones. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process whereby a new blood vessel is created by the splitting of an existing blood vessel in two. |
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