Term
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Definition
- -Opposite, toothed leaves
- -Small, 5 petaled flowers in cymose inflorecense
- -Fruits with pits
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Term
Sambucus nigra (Black elder flower/berry) |
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Definition
- -White, 5 petaled flowers
- -Reddish/Yellowish stem
- Origin: Eurasia
- Stembark, leaves, flowers, fruits and root extracts used for bronchitis, cough, upper respiratory infections, and fever
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Term
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Definition
- -Bulbous or rhizomatous perennials
- -Straplike or tubular leaves arranged spirally
- -Umbel inflorecense on leafless stem
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Term
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Definition
- -Many flowers, tightly clustered, white, fused petals, many stamen
- -Smooth, leafless stem
- -Origin: Near East
- -Bulb used to tx upper respiratory infections, inflammation of mouth and pharynx, cough, bronchitis, loss of appetite, arteriosclerosis, and hypertension
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Term
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Definition
- -Umbel inflorecense
- -Small, 5 petaled flowers, usually white yellow
- -Compound leaves with sheathing leaf bases
- -Hollow stems
- -Herbs
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Term
Angelica archangelica (Angelica) |
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Definition
- -Smooth stem
- -Opposite, toothed leaves, pinnate venation
- -Branches end in three-parted leaves
- -Small, greenish-yellow flowers in umbel clusters
- Origin: Syria; naturalized in Europe and Asia
- Fruit used as diuretic and diaphoretic; roots used to tx dyspeptic discomfort, loss of appetite, and to enhance digestion
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Term
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Definition
- -White or pink, 5 petaled flowers, umbel inflorecense
- -Finely divided, feathery leaves with threadlike divisions
- -Seeds are crescent shaped with 5 pale regions
- -Origin: Mediterranean
- Seed and seed oil used to tx GI cramping, flatulence, and stomach discomfort, and as a galactogogue (increases lactation)
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Term
Conium maculatum (Poison hemlock) |
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Definition
- -Smooth, green stem, usually spotted or striped with red or purple on lower half of stem
- -Leaves finely divided and lacy
- -Flowers tiny, white, 5 petaled, umbel inflorecense
- -long stamens relative to flower size
- -Origin: Eurasia; naturalized in N.A.
- -Extracts from aerial parts used to tx back pain, neuralgia, and muscle pain; poison arrows
- -(Socrates)
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Term
Daucus carota (Carrot, Queen Anne's lace) |
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Definition
- -Mix of bi-pinnate and tri-pinnate leaves, rounded edges
- -Fine hairs on stems and leaves
- -Small, white flowers, umbel inflorecense
- -Origin: Mediterrean/Near East/ SW Asia; naturalized in Eurasia and N.A.
- -Root used to tx digestive problems, intestinal parasites, and tonsilitis
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Term
Petroselinum crispum (Parsley) |
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Definition
- -Flat or curly leaves
- -Yellow, tiny flowers, umbel inflorecense
- -Origin: Europe to western Asia
- -Leaf extracts used to tx urinary tract infections, kidney and bladder stones, and halitosis
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Term
Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek) |
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Definition
- -Simple, compound palmate leaves
- -Rhombic, caramel colored seeds
- -Origin: Southern Europe, western Asia
- -Seeds taken orally to tx loss of appetite and a galactogogue; also applied topically to tx skin inflammation
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Term
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Definition
- -Trees, shrubs, or herbs, usually with milky sap
- -Leaves are simple, usually opposite and decussate, or whorled
- -Flowers 5 petaled, in clusters and are often large and showy, usually 5 petals joined in tube at base, 5 stamens joined together
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Term
Nerium oleander (Oleander) |
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Definition
- -Shrub, leaves in groups of three, thick and leathery, dark green, smooth edges
- -Flowers grow in clusters around end of each branch, usually white, pink, or yellow, deeply colored
- -Origin: Mediterranean
- -Leaf extract used to tx congestive heart disease and applied topically to tx skin disorders
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Term
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Definition
- -Opposite, dark green, glossy leaves
- -5 petaled flowers, violet-purple (pale purple or white sometimes)
- -Origin: Cantral and Southern Europe, Mediterranean
- -Leaves and aerial parts used to enhance blood circulation (esp. to brain), enhance metabolism in brain
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Term
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Definition
- -Usually bear pinnately or palmately compound leaves
- -Usually have small flowers produced in large panicles
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Term
Hedera helix (English Ivy) |
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Definition
- -Usually broad, 5 lobed glossy leaves, palmate venation
- -Small greenish-yellow flowers, umbel inflorecense
- -Creeping stems
- -Origin: Europe, SW Asia
- -Leaves and berries used to tx cough and bronchitis
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Term
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Definition
- -Small, alternate, simple bractlike leaves
- -Small flowers
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Term
Asparagus officinalis (Asparagus) |
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Definition
- -Small, needlike leaves, whorled
- -Small, bell shaped, greenish-white flowers
- -Thick, dark green stem
- -Origin: Europe, N. Africa
- -Rhizome and root used to tx urinary tract infections, and kidney and bladder stones
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Term
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Definition
- -Heads of very small 5 petaled ray and/or disc flowers
- -Head of many flowers looks like one flower
- -5 stamens
- -Fruits are hard achenes (contain seeds)
- -Herbs and shrubs
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Term
Achillea millefolium (Yarrow) |
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Definition
- -Leaves and stem covered in tiny hairs
- -Leaves feathery, bi-pinnate or tri-pinnate, arranged spirally on stem
- -4-9 phyllaries containing white to pink, ray and disk flowers in flat-topped cluster
- -3-8 ray flowers ovate to round
- -15-40 disk flowers
- -Origin: Europe, W. Asia
- -Dried inflorecense and other aerial parts used to tx dyspeptic discomfort, liver and gallbladder problems; applied topically to enhance blood clotting
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Term
Artemisia absinthium (Wormwood, Absinthe) |
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Definition
- -Greenish-grey, finger-shaped leaves covered in tiny hairs
- - Yellow, tubular disk flowers
- -Origin: Europe, Asia, N. Africa
- -Dried aerial parts used to tx intestinal worms, and consumed as a stimulant (absinthe drink)
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Term
Artemisia vulgaris (Mugwort) |
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Definition
- -Dark green, pinnate leaves with white, tiny hairs on underside
- -Stem usually has red-purplish tinge
- -Small, radially symmetrical flowers with yellow or dark red petals
- -Origin: Eurasia
- -dried roots and/or aerial parts used to treat intestinal worms, muscle weakness, epilepsy, insomnia, and anxiety
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Term
Calendula officinalis (Marigold, calendula) |
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Definition
- -Oval-shaped, green leaves
- -Yellow/orange ray and disk flowers
- -Circularlly arranged ray flowers
- -Many tiny disk flowers
- -Origin: Eurasia
- -All parts applied topically to tx skin wounds, burns, and eczema
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Term
Cynara scolymus (Globe artichoke) |
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Definition
- -Long, veiny leaves
- -Thick, parallel-veined stem
- -Leaves that look like an artichoke
- -Origin: S. Europe
- -Dried or fresh leaves and/or stems used to tx gallstones; as a cholergetic (increases bile production); and as a tonic for convalescense
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Term
Matricaria discoidea (Pineappleweed) |
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Definition
- -Pinnately dissected leaves, pale green
- -Small, yellow disk flowers, arranged in dome
- -No ray flowers
- -Origin: Europe; naturalized in N.A.
- -Dried or fresh aerial parts used to tx upper respiratory infections, stomachaches, and menstrual cramps
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Term
Matricaria recutita (Wild chamomile, German chamomile) |
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Definition
- -Needlelike leaves
- -Small, yellow disk flowers
- -White ray flowers
- -Origin: Europe; naturalized in N.A.
- -Tx upper respiratory infections, bronchitis, fever
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Term
Silybum marianum (Blessed milk thistle) |
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Definition
- -Whorled, spike leaves
- -Bulbous structure at end of stem
- -Many long, thin, red to purple flowers
- -Origin: Europe
- -Protect liver (antihepatotoxic), prevent hepatitis, antidote to Amanita poisoning
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Term
Tanacetum parthenium (Feverfew) |
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Definition
- -Lobed, palmate leaves
- -Many small, yellow disk flowers
- -White ray flowers
- -Origin: Europe
- -Tx migraine, arthritis, rheumatic diseases
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Term
Tanacetum vulgare (Tansy) |
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Definition
- -Alternate, pinnately lobed leaves, covered in tiny hairs
- -Many, tiny yellow disk flowers
- -No ray flowers
- -Origin: Eurasia
- -Tx migraine, neuralgia, rheumatism, and helminthic infections
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Term
Boraginaceae (Borage/Forget-me-not) |
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Definition
- -Coarsely hairy leaves, alternate, simple and mostly entire
- -5 petaled flowers
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Term
Pulmonaria officinalis (Lungwort) |
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Definition
- -Simple, oval-shaped leaves, white spots
- -Pink to blue-purple flowers, 5 fused petals forming a tube at the base
- -Origin: Europe
- -Tx lung infections, ailments of the kidney, urinary tract and GI tract
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Term
Symphytum officinale (Comfrey) |
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Definition
- -Reticulately veined leaves, ruffled edges
- -Coarse white hairs covering stem and leaves
- -Hanging purple/white flowers, 5 fused petals forming tube at base
- -Origin: Eurasia; naturalized in N.A.
- -Bruises, sprains, and strains
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Term
Capsella bursa-pastoris (Shepherd's purse) |
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Definition
- -Basal leaves are lanceolate and dentate
- -White flowers, 4 petals, arranged in loose racemes
- -Thin stem
- -Origin: Europe
- -Tx hypertension, cardiac insufficiency, cardiac arrhythmias, and PMS
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Term
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Definition
- -Alternate leaves, cordate, palmately lobed, coarsely toothed edges
- -Tiny hairs on stem and leaves
- -Vine-like stem
- -Pale green, cone flowers (hops)
- -Origin: Temperate Northern Hemisphere
- -Tx insomnia, nervousness, sedative
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Term
Saponaria officinalis (Soapwort) |
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Definition
- -Decussate, parallel venated leaves
- -Yellowish stem with purple markings
- -Pink or white, 5 petaled flowers, tube base
- -Origin: Eurasia; naturalized in N.A.
- -Tx cough, bronchitis, a galactogogue
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Term
Colchicum autumnale (Autumn crocus) |
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Definition
- -Basal, long, slender leaves, parallel venation, glossy
- -Tubular, purple pink to white flowers
- -Sheathing
- -Origin: Europe to N. Africa
- -Tx gout, Mediterranean fever
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Term
Juniperis communis (Juniper) |
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Definition
- -Small leaves, white middle, whorls of 3
- -Reddish brown stem, hard
- -Berry-like seed cones
- -Origin: Northern Hemisphere
- -Tx UTI, dyspeptic complaints, loss of appetite
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Term
Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice) |
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Definition
- -Simple, pinnate leaves
- -Hard, brown, woody stem
- -Long, purplish flowers, loose inflorecense
- -Origin: Mediterranean to Central Asia
- -Tx elevated cholesterol levels, sore throat, a sweetner
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Term
Melilotus officinalis (Sweet clover) |
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Definition
- -Pinnate, oval-shaped leaves, yellow veins
- -Tiny hairs covering stem and leaves
- -Many tube-like tiny purple flowers arranged in cluster
- -Origin: Eurasia; naturalized in N.A.
- -Tx thrombophlebitis, hemorrhoids, venous problems, blunt injuries, sprains
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Term
Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort) |
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Definition
- -Palmately venated, decussate leaves
- -Tiny translucent spots on leaves give "perforated" look
- -Yellow/green stem
- -Yellow, 5 petaled flowers
- -Origin: Europe and Mediterranean to Central China; naturalized in N.A.
- -Tx depression, anxiety, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, wounds
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Term
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Definition
- -Square stems
- -Opposite leaves
- -Often aromatic leaves
- -5 petals with bilateral symmetry
- -2-4 stamens
- -Herbs and shrubs
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Term
Lavandula angustifolia (Lavender) |
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Definition
- -Long, slender leaves andstems
- -Tiny hairs covering stem and leaves
- -Small purple flowers at end of leafless stems
- -Origin: Western Mediterranean
- -Tx insomnia, nervousness, anxiety, antiseptic
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Term
Marrubium vulgare (White horehound) |
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Definition
- -Crinkled leaves covered with white hairs
- -Small white or purple flowers arranged in whorls on stem
- -Hairy purplish stem
- -Origin: Eurasia, N. Africa
- -Tx cough, bronchitis
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Term
Melissa officinalis (Lemon balm, sweet Melissa) |
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Definition
- -Ovate, crenate leaves
- -White or yellowish flowers in small loose bunches
- -Origin: S. Europe
- -Tx insomnia, nervousness, and anxiety
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Term
Mentha x piperita (Peppermint) |
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Definition
- -Leaves pinnately purplish veined, dark green, some with purplish edges, toothed
- -Deep red/purple stem
- -Purple flowers in whorl about stem
- -Origin: C. and S. Europe
- -Tx digestive problems, intestinal problems, IBS; topically for rheumatism, and rubefacient (skin stimulant)
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Term
Mentha spicata (Spearmint) |
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Definition
- -Serrated, crinkled leaves, lighter green
- -Pink or white flowers
- -Tiny hairs on leaves and stem
- -Green stem with some purple/red
- -Origin: C. and S. Europe
- -Tx digestive problems and flatulence
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Term
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Definition
- -Heart-shaped, greyish green, hairy leaves, smoothly serrated edges
- -Small, tubular, white, blue, pink, or lilac flowers in clusters on end of stems, tiny purple dots
- -Origin: Mediterranean
- -Tx colic in infants, migraines, nervousness, and anxiety
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Term
Origanum vulgare (Oregano) |
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Definition
- -Acute, serrate leaves
- -Stem and leaves covered in tiny hairs
- -Purple flowers in spikes on stems
- -Origin: Europe to C. Asia
- -Tx rhinitis, upper respiratory infections in infants and children, migraines
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Term
Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary) |
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Definition
- -Needlelike leaves
- -Square, reddish/greenish stem covered in white hairs
- -Origin: Europe, Mediterranean
- -Tx hypertension, rheumatism
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Term
Salvia officinalis (Sage) |
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Definition
- -Woody, square stem
- -Pinnately venated, cordate leaves
- -Flowers blue to purple in whorls about stems
- -Origin: S Europe, Mediterranean
- -Tx excess perspiration, inflammation of mouth and pharynx, bleeding gums
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Term
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Definition
- -Thin, wiry, brown stems
- -Small, pinnate leaves
- -Small, tubular, white or pink flowers in dense terminal heads
- -Origin: W. Mediterranean to SE Italy
- -Tx bronchitis, bronchospasms, expectorant
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Term
Laurus nobilis (Laurel, bay leaf) |
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Definition
- -Whorled, sinuate, glossy, yellowish-green, pinnately veined leaves
- -Woody stem, reddish brown
- -Pale yellow green flowers in pairs at leaf bases
- -Origin: W. Mediterranean to SE Italy
- -Tx rheumatism and a rubefacient (skin stimulant)
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Term
Punica granatum (Pomegranate) |
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Definition
- -Opposite, long, oblong, glossy leaves
- -Woody, purplish stem
- -Bright red , 4 or 5 petaled flowers
- -Origin: SE Europe and Near East to Himalayas
- -Tx dysentary, paralysis, intestinal worms
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Term
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Definition
- -Leathery, yellowish-green to green, entire leaves
- -Woody stem with tiny white hairs
- -Star-like 5 petaled white flowers
- -Origin: Europe, Mediterranean
- -Tx tuberculosis, whooping cough, intestinal worms, diarrhea
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Term
Papaver somniferum (Opium poppy) |
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Definition
- -Large, denate leaves
- -Thick round stem
- -Large, showy white, pink, purple, violet or bluish flowers overlapping petals and large, dark spots
- -Origin: SE Europe, Near East
- -Tx diarrhea and cough; analgesic, inebriant and hypnotic
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Term
Digitalis lanata and purpea (Foxglove) |
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Definition
- -Bellshaped flowers with colored spots inside on petals
- -Purpea has purple flowers, lanata has pinkish ones
- -Origin: C. and SE Europe; naturalized in N.A.
- -Cardiac stimulant to tx congestive heart disease
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Term
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Definition
- -Sheathing stem and leaves
- -Long, parallel venated leaves
- -Wing-shaped flowers at end of very thin stems
- -Origin: Mediterranean
- -Tx itching of skin and eczema; orally to lower cholesterol
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Term
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Definition
- -Broad, palmate, slightly arrow shaped at base of leaves
- -Long petioles
- -Whorled spikes of reddish-green flowers
- -Thick, semicircular stem with deep, red spots
- -Origin: Europe to India
- -Tx nasal mucosa inflammation (rhinitis)
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Term
Aquilegia vulgaris (Columbine) |
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Definition
- -Pinnate, trifoliate basal leaves
- -Small, whorled leaves about stems
- -Thin, hairy stems
- -Two-tone flowers in a varierty of colors
- -Origin: Europe
- -Enhance gall bladder function, tranquilizing effect; tx agitation
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Term
Nigella sativa (Nigella, black cumin, kalonji) |
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Definition
- -Small, needle-like leaves
- -Pale blue/white flowers, surrounded by leaves
- -Origin: Mediterranean
- -Tx upper respiratory infections,skin infections
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Term
|
Definition
- -Stipules common
- -5 petals
- -Many stamens
- -Fruits often fleshy
- -Trees, shrubs, or herbs
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Term
Alchemilla vulgaris (Lady's mantle) |
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Definition
- -Broad, 3 lobed, whorled, serrated, palmate leaves
- -Coarse, white hairs cover stem and underside of leaves
- -Small, yellowish green flowers clustered at ends of stems
- -Origin: Europe
- -Tx diarrhea, mouth and throat inflammation, eczema
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Term
Cratageus monogyna (Hawthorn) |
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Definition
- -Obovate, and deeply lobed leaves; green on top, paler underneath, serrated edges
- -5 petaled, white flowers with red stamens
- -May have thorns on stem
- -Origin: Great Britain, Europe
- -Tx coronary artery disease, angina, circulatory disorders
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Term
Fragaria vesca (Wild strawberry) |
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Definition
- -Trifoliate, serrated, pinnate, deeply veined leaves
- -Thin, wiry stems
- -Small, 5 petaled white flowers with many yellow stamens
- -Origin: Northern Hemisphere
- -Diuretic, tx diarrhea
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Term
Galium odoratum (Woodruff) |
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Definition
- -Ciliate, yellowish-green, whorled, dully shiny leaves
- -Small, 4 petaled white flowers, umbel inflorecense
- -Yellowish green stem and leaves
- -Origin: Europe, W. Asia, N. Africa
- -Tx nervous agitation, hysteria, insomnia, menstrual disorders
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Term
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Definition
- -Bi-pinnate or tri-pinnate, greyish-green, finger-shaped leaves
- -Yellow 4 or 5 petaled flowers in cymes
- -Woody, bluish-green stem
- -Origin: S. Europe
- -Tx menstrual disorders; female contraceptive, abortive agent
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Term
Salix alba (White willow) |
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Definition
- -Long, simple, denticulate, green leaves with white underside (covered in hairs)
- -Greyish-brown, woody stems
- -Tiny, yellow flowers in catkins
- -Origin: Northern Hemisphere
- -Tx analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, headache
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Term
Aesculus hippocastanum (Horse chestnut, buckeye) |
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Definition
- -Bipalmate, serrate, pinnate venated, dark green, glossy leaves
- -Yellowish-green stem with dark red spots
- -Tiny, white hairs cover stems
- -Small, white flowers with red spot
- -Origin: Europe to S. Asia
- -Tx varicous veins, chronic venous insufficiency
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Term
Verbascum thapsus (Mullein) |
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Definition
- -Erect herb
- -Large entire leaves at base, bluish grey-green
- -Smaller leaves alternate along flowering stalk
- -5 petaled, yellow flowers arranged in leafy spike
- -Origin: Eurasia; naturalized in N.A.
- -Tx cough, bronchitis
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Term
Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle) |
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Definition
- -Opposite, deeply serrate, cordat, dark green leaves
- -White hairs, needle-like cover stem and leaves
- -Green or greenish white flowers in whorls around small stems just above leaves
- -Origin: Euasia
- -Diuretic, tx swollen prostate, arthritis
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Term
Valeriana officinalis (Valarian) |
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Definition
- -Thin, whorled, needle-like, parallel veined leaves
- -Round, green stem with dark base
- -Tiny, 5 petaled pink or purple in umbel inflorecense
- -Origin: Eurasia
- -Tx insomnia, nervousness
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Term
|
Definition
- -Yellowish-green, palmate, jagged leaves, paler underneath
- -Vine stems, yellowish-green/red
- -Smal, pale green flowers in dense panicles
- -Origin: Europe
- -Antioxidant; reduce development of coronary artery disease
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