rare, individual cases

cleft palate, harelip

pro/brachygnathia

atresia- ilei ( gut distension cause dystocia), ani: die within 1 week if untreated

Cause: physical injury-dosing guns, stomach tubes, boluses, fusobacterium necrophorum

CS: salivation, halitosis, quidding, submandibular and pharyngeal swelling

Treatment: symptomatic relief with NSAIDS/AB. progrnosis poor with iatrogenic pharyngeal rupture

Cause: parapoxvirus samse as pseudocowpox virus- zoonotic

CS: calves 1-12 months commonly affected. expanding papular rings on muzzle, nostrils and buccal mucosa. 

Treatment: none required, recovery in 4-7 days though lesions slower to heal. improve hygeine 

wooden tongue

intestinal form- rare

cutaneous form- rare

cause: actinobacillus lignieresii, gram -ve

cs: wooden tongue: salivation, dysphagia, tongue protruding, enlarged lymph node, painful swollen tongue, yellow lesions below mucosa

intestinal: insidious onset, chronic progression, ruminal bloat

cutaneous: often several animals. Large granulomas and ulcers mouth, head, chest wall, thighs and flanks. 

Treatment: 

5 day course streptomycin or potentiated sulphonamides

iodides ( not in pregnant animals

potassium iodides orally for 7 days

sodium iodide-single dose. help to break down granulomatous lesions

Lumpy jaw - gram +ve

sporadic disease of adult cattle

pyogranulomatous ostitis/osteomyeltitis in bones of head especially mandible. 

cs: firm bony swelling on jaw usually at level of central cheek teeth, painful soft tissue swelling. dysphagia with gradual emaciation. 

treatment: prognosis very poor. can try high dose of pen/strep for 14 days. aim for remission then slaughter

cause: fusobacterium necrophorum plus trauma, intercurrent disease ( PI BVD calves?) or nutritional deficiency may predispose. 

cs: calves 1-3 mo. but laryngeal form may affeect older calves

Oral form: swelling of cheeks, necrotic halitosis, anorexia, salivation, lesions on cheeks, tongue. 

laryngeal form:anorexia, pyrexia, cough, inspiratory stridor and dyspnoea, salivation, halitosis. Swollen and painful laryngeal region. death if untreated. 

Oral and laryngeal necrobacillosis( calf diptheria)

TREATMENT

oral: systemic ab ( potenitated sulphonamides, oxy tet) 

laryngeal: long term high dose ab ( Lincomycin injection, but not licensed in cattle). corticosteroids in acute stages to reduce laryngeal oedema. tracheostomy if needed. 

obstruction at larynx, thoracic inlet, or thoracic oesophagus. ex. potatoes

CS: salivation and repeated attempts to swallow. progressive bloat according to nature of obstruction 

Oesophageal obstruction ( choke) 

TREATMENT

rare, congenital, acquired- neurogenic damage

recurrent bloat- regurg and discomfort in eating

supportive treatment

cause: sudden diet change- upset in rumen microflora. moderate CHO excess, excess oral ab, sour/fermenting food

CS: rumenal atony, inappetence, milk drop, reduced faecal quantity becoming diarrhoeic. 

treatment: rumen stimulants ( Leocud, pro rumen) and palatable forage, probiotics, milti B vitamin. 

control: good nutritional management

Imbalanced concentrate to roughage ratio. CHO engorgement following access to feed store. feed change, finely ground cereal. 

Pathogenesis: as easily fermentable CHO is digested VFA production increases ( +gas) and rumen ph falls. death of cellulolytic bacteria and protozoa in the rumen. 

acid tolerant bacteria survive giving more lactic acid production in rumen then systemic acidosis. 

rumen, abomasal and intestinal osmolarity increase-> water absorbed from systemic circulation causing dehydration. 

low rumen PH reduces motility -> stasis and mild bloat. G-ve bacterial killed-> release of endotoxin

chemical damage to rumen wall-> rumenitis

mild: discomfort, anorexia, reduced ruminal activity, ruminal distension +/- diarrhoea

severe: anorexia, depression, dehydration, tachycardia, rumen stasis

toxaemia: pyrexia then hypothermia, hyperaemia of mms, scleral congestion

acidosis: tachypnoea, weakness, ataxia 

1. pulse >100bpm and rumen ph <4.5 is poor prognostic factor

2. fluids

antacids

supportive therapy- ca and glucose

ab- penicillin/oxytet

thiamine- vitB1

rumen stimulant/ probiotic drenches 

transfuanation

Rumenotomy

CHO overload prevention and control

allow > 10% roughage in any diet

prevent escapes

crack or roll grains

cause: 100% concentrate diet, secondary to CHO overload

pathogenesis: rumenitis-> escape of rumen flora, liver abscesses, laminits

signs: vague illness, pain , indigestion

treatment: balanced diet, antibiosis 

- failure in oesophageal groove closure so milk enters rumen, subsequent fermentation acidosis and rumenal atony

CS: rapid onset L.flank distention following milk feed, disomfort, +/- chronic pasty scour

Treatment: decompression-stomach tube/needle/trochar, oral ab, feeding management

primary rumen tympany ( failure of gas cap formation) 

cause: usually high protein levels in lush leguminous pasture-clover rich. 

pathogenesis: rumen fluid viscosity raised therefore small bubbles form from rumen fermentation products. froth which cannot be eructated normally

CS: acute tympany, distress, recumbency, death

DDX: usually history of lush grazing

Treatment: move animals off pasture, drench/stomach tube with antifoaming agent ex. veg oil. trocarisation of rumen can be done in extreme case

Control: gradual introduction to risk pasture. daily drenching with antifoaming agent. monensin in feed or bolus. 

cause: any condition causing oesophageal obstruction or interference with normal eructation

ex. physical obstruction, neurogenic causes, lateral recumbancy

CS: distended left sublumbar fossa, progressive distress

TREATMENT: pass tube to releive bloat. insert trochar/canula or create surgical fistula if recurrent problem. treat primary cause accordingly 

- 2-3 week old

- likely to be complicated by secondary fungal infection of the ulcer as such cases may have received prolonged oral ab. 

- prognosis poor for those that wont suck 

poor milk production in early post partum period, weight loss and melena. 

emergency slaughter may be needed

in less severe cases: supportive therapy may be needed: including Iv. fluids, kaolin and pectin, magnesium oxide . most cows recover after several weeks 

uncommon but has been recognised during winter months in beef cattle fed poor quality diets of wheat straw and liquid urea supplements only. 

cs: cow often in poor condition, slow, dull, long dry winter coat, abdomen often pear shaped. rumen easily be pitted

TREATMENT: initially250g sodium chloride in 25 to 50 litres of water by stomach tube. 16-14 litres saline iv in 6-12 hr on day 1. multivitamins can be given IV. repeat treatment day 2 if necessary. 5-10 litres mineral oil have been used. transfuanation 

AVOID sub-maintenance rations to both suckler cows and store cattle during the winter months.