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Develops & challenges structuralist approaches; Take into account context audiences can produce meaning of. |
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Sign that has many possible meanings |
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Positions cameras take, and whose viewpoint they show the viewer |
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A liberal pluralist society is one that includes groups with different viewpoint that should all have the liberty & opportunity to speak out |
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A sequence of events taking place over a given period of time that are linked; cause and effect |
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Refers to the way a text speaks to or addresses its audience |
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The process of knowingly referring to other texts |
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A process in which we internalise ideologies as a response to being addressed |
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The process by which rebellious and radical ideas are made acceptable by incorporating them |
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The relationship between the signifier and the signified has no natural link and is based on culture, context, and convention |
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The relationship between the signifier is one of indication, direction or measurement, sequence or causation |
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The relationship between the signified and the signifier is based on likeness or resemblance |
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Generic hybrids are texts that blend the codes and conventions of two or more genres to produce a new combination |
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Financial pressures and other forces lead all media products to become similar, standard, and uniform |
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Power and leadership maintained through processes of struggle and negotiation |
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British cultural theorist and sociologist. Known for encoding/decoding |
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Italian writer, politician, political philosopher and linguist. Known for cultural hegemony |
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International community influenced by technological development and economical, political, and military interests. Increase in interdependence and inter connectivity |
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Groups of texts that share a set of conventional characteristics such as content, narrative structure, and visual style |
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Gender in Narrative Structures |
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Men - Identity, control, main character, active, strong, known Women - Objects, spectacle, passive, emotions, weak, home, unknown |
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French philosopher, social theorist, and historian of ideals |
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When the proletariat or subordinate class internalizes and accepts the ideas of the ruling class |
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Paradigms or ways of understanding that are communicated through texts and language use, and that organize knowledge and social power |
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The increasing gap between those who have and who don't have access to technology, content, ICT skills and money to pay for digital services |
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The emotions, values, and associations that a sign gives to the reader, viewer, or listener |
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The most obvious level on which a sign communicates |
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Imperial domination of the world maintained partly through dissemination of cultural projects |
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A form of media activism that subverts and reworks the intended meaning of existing media texts, or parodies major corporations, public figures and their media images |
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A world view or activity that is in opposition to a challenges the dominant world view |
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Methods of organizing signs to communicate meaning in ways that become habituated and widely shared over time |
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Meaning taken from sources external to the production |
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Interpreting meaning through who filmed, wrote, as well as who produced it and the conditions of the production; who it's aimed for. What financial or political constraints; whose paying for it. |
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Constructionist Theory of Language |
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Language doesn't describe a pre-existing world. It constructs the world through naming it |
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Standardized formulae for communicating meaning |
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Characters as Elements of Structure |
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The villain; The donor; The helper; The Princess; The dispatcher; The hero; The false hero |
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Joseph Campbell's Hero's Journey |
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Stages: 1. Departure (call to adventure) 2. Initiation (Road of Trials) 3. Return (Freedom to Live) |
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American mythologist, writer, and lecturer. Hero's Journey |
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A means of cultural classifications that splits the world into sets of dualistic opposing categories, such as male & female, black & white, good & evil, etc. |
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-Base is the economic foundations of society -Superstructure is the social, political, and legal relations built upon the base |
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A French literal theorist, philosopher, critic, & semiotician. Ideas include structuralism, semiotics, social theory, anthropology, and post-structuralism |
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An ideal reader who is constructed by the text, or who is imagined/intended by the producers of the text |
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French Marxist philosopher. RSAs and ISAs |
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The process of interpreting and analyzing any media text |
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Pertains to an individual's personal thoughts and experiences |
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A method of analysis that involved looking for and examining the underlying structures of meaning and language |
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Todorov's Narrative Pattern (Dramatic Triangle) |
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Equilibrium -> Problem -> Solution -> Equilibrium Middle / \ Begin - End |
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Study of signs and sign processes |
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Founder of semiology (science of signs) |
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ISA (Ideological State Apparatus) |
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The institutions of socialization and persuasion that societies use to control people. - Religion - Family - Media |
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RSA (Repressive State Apparatus) |
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The institutions of force that society uses to control people - Army - Police |
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New ideas and beliefs held by a few people at first and then gradually becoming more accepted |
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Contemporary ideas and beliefs shared by a majority of people |
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Sets of ideas and beliefs from the past that are still accepted by some people |
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- To stand in for someone - To look like or resemble - To present a second time |
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Reflective Theory of Language |
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Suggests that language simply describes the world |
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Propp's Characters: - Hero - Villain - Princess - Assistant - Magical Helper |
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Audiences interpret the text completely against the preferred reading |
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Audiences only accept some of what is being presented to them |
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Audiences accept what is being presented without questioning the meaning intended by the media producers |
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James Dean and Tupac are 'Rebels.' Other examples are the unwilling hero, mentor, trickster, cowboy, etc. |
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Encoding: The meaning the creators of the media put into their work. Decoding: The meaning the audience takes away from the work. |
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Media: Definition and Characteristics |
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Technologically developed communication industries, normally making money, which can transmit information and entertainment across time and space to individuals and/or large groups of people; they are literally in the middle of this process, the means for communication. Characteristics: - Communications systems - Utilizes industrialized technology - Aim to reach large audiences or to be used by many people - Facilitate communication across distance/time - The middle chain; hence, the term 'media' - Potentially highly profitable |
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Things that shape how media work: - Technology: Necessary for media - Economics: All media costs money - Creativity: Media are a way to express creativity - Social Controls: There are organizations/people who want to control what media we can consume/have access to - Audiences: Do audiences shape the content? |
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Media Studies: Pro and Con Views of the Media |
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For: - Contributes to development of popular knowledge - Can inspire and develop us - Help us explore and develop our understanding of sex and violence. - Media are truthful and informative - Media allow all people a voice - Enable free thought and speech - Create a global village - Give space to voices of different groups and cultures - Agents of social change
Against: - Repetitive diet of worthless trivia - Make us passive observers - Corrupt and pervert our children and us - Media are a series of false constructions serving minority political interests. - Serve commercial interests - They want to control our consciousness - Make us all the same - A form of cultural imperialism - Media maintain the status quo |
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New Media: Characteristics |
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New media is horizontal Many to many Networked media, not mass media From us to us Moving 'their' stuff through our distribution system New media generally refers to digital media |
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New Media: Democratization |
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Increased access to information and participation in communication. Nearly anyone can produce new media, and it can be accessed worldwide |
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Social vs. Psychological Problems in Narrative |
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Social: Narrative revolving around social issues and problems (hunger, poverty, bad economic system, etc.)
Psychological: Narrative's problems revolve around flaws in character (mistrustful, lazy, cowardly, etc.) |
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