Term
| Who was Gregor Mendel and what did he study and provide the basis for? |
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Definition
| He was a scientist who studied pea plants and observable physical characteristics of their offspring as compared to thier parents. His work, published in 1860, formed the foundation for the field of geneticsalthough he nothing of DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
This is an observable characteristic of an individual.
Phenotypes arise in part form genotype but also fromt he environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| The genetic makeup of an individual. |
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Term
| Discrete v. Continuous Variation |
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Definition
Discrete means there's no "in between" when it comes to the different varieties of genetic traits.(eg. pea pod color)
Continuous means there could be a mix of these varieties at one or more places in between.(eg: variation in height) |
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Term
| What were Mendel's Seven Traits? |
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Definition
Flower Color
Flower Position
Seed Color
Seed Shape
Pod Shape
Pod Color
Stem Length
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Term
| What made the traits Mendel was fortunate enough to choose ideal for this sort of experimentation? |
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Definition
- Each gene only had 2 variations.
- Discrete variation so no mixes of allele type
- were observed.
- On different chromosomes, so genes independent of one another.
- Diploid -> Autosomal- 2 copies of each gene one from both parents.
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Term
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Definition
The Law of Segregation(Book&Class):
Characteristis spread throughout the generations.
The Law of Particulate Inheritance(Class):
there have to be small particles carrying this information
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Term
| What evidence did Mendel have of this Law of Segregation? |
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Definition
- When breeding homozygous recessive and homozygous dominant parents, the first generation (F1) only expressed dominant phenotype.
- However the F2 generation, although having only dominant parents(F1), expressed phenotypes seen in the original parental generation.
- This means the information from the original parental genes was carried though nmot expressed by the F1.
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Term
What was Mendel's Second Law?
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Definition
Law of Independent Assortment:
Traits are inherited independently of one another.
(eg. seed color does not determine flower position. they are determined seperately from one another and can be seen in any combination.) |
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Term
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Definition
Form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely dominant over the other allele. In this case, the alleles sort of blend, where half of each allele is made. (eg in half the cells red color expressed. in the other half of the cells the white color is expressed.)
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Term
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Definition
Form of intermediate inheritance in which both alleles are fully expressed within an individual. (eg ABO Blood Type: A, AB, B, O -> each allele is fully expressed)
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Term
| What is a Test Cross? What is it used to determine? |
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Definition
This is a breeding cross between a dominant individual and a homozygous recessive individual.
It's used to determine whether the dominant individual is homozygous or heterozygous. |
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Term
| What are the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of a monohybrid cross of two heterozygotes? |
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Definition
Genotypic: 1 dom hom: 2 dom het : 1 rec hom [.25:.5:.25]
Phenotypic: 3 dom: 1 rec [.75:.25] |
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Term
| Which blood type is a universal donor? Why? |
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Definition
| The O blood type is a Universal Donor, because it doesn't produce any antigens. So all blood types will accept it, because they have to make no anitbodies. |
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Term
| Which blood type is a universal acceptor? Why? |
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Definition
| The AB blood type is a universal acceptor. It makes all the possible anitgens. It need not make antibodies for the ones possibly made by the donated blood, because they're already not considered a threat. |
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Term
| Why is it preferable for donors of oragns to be family members? |
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Definition
The by recognizes its own cells by the MHC proteins that cover the surface. In humans, there are several loci that code for MHC proteins. Each locus has ~40+ alleles. Each individual only recieves 2 of these alleles. So it's more probable that a close family member has the same MHC proteins than it would a stranger given large number of trait possibilites. |
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