Term
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Definition
| Natural chemicals that exert their effects on specific tissues known as target tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| Specific tissues affected by hormones |
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Term
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Definition
Hypothalamus
Pituitary glands
Adrenal glands
Thyroid glands
Islet cells of the pancreas
Parathyroid glands
Gonads |
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Term
| Neuroendocrine regulation |
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Definition
| The endocrine and the nervous system work together to control overall body function |
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Term
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Definition
| Constant normal balance of the body maintained in response to environmental changes |
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Term
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Definition
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (somatostatin GHIH)
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
Melanocyte-inhibiting hormone (MIH) |
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Term
| Anterior pituitary hormones |
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Definition
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, thyrotropin)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, corticotropin)
Luteinizing hormone (LH, Leydig cell-stimulating hormone [LCSH])
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Growth hormone (GH)
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) |
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Term
| Posterior pituitary hormones |
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Definition
Vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone [ADH])
Oxytocin |
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Term
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Definition
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)
Calcitonin |
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Term
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Definition
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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Term
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Definition
Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin |
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Term
| Disorders of the endocrine system |
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Definition
| Usually related to an excess/deficiency of a specific hormone, or a receptor defect. |
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Term
| Negative feedback control mechanism |
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Definition
| The condition of maintaining a constant output of a system by exerting an inhibitory control on a key step by a product of that system. Used in a series of reactions that control hormone secretion and cellular activity based on responses to correct any movement away from normal function. An example of a simple negative feedback hormone response is the control of insulin secretion in which the action of insuling (decreasing blood glucose levels) is the opposite of the condition that stimulated insulin secretion (elevated blood glucose levels) |
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Term
| Hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system |
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Definition
| Allows hormones produced in the hypothalamus to travel directly to the anterior pituitary gland so that only very small amounts are wasted in systemic circulation |
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Term
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Definition
| The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland |
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Term
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Definition
| The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulate other endocrine glands |
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Term
| Thyroid Stimulating hormone (TSH) |
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Definition
| Anterior pituitary hormone that targets the thyroid. Stimulates synthesis and release of thyroid hormone |
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Term
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
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Definition
| Anterior pituitary hormone that targets the adrenal cortex. Stimulates synthesis and release of corticosteroids and adrenocortical growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anterior pituitary hormone that targets the ovaries and testes. Stimulates either estrogen secretion and follicle maturation or spermatogenesis. |
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Term
| Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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Definition
| Anterior pituitary hormone that targets the ovaries and testes. Stimulates either estrogen secretion and follicle maturation or spermatogenesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anterior pituitary hormone that targets the mammary glands. Stimulates breast milk production. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anterior pituitary hormone that targets bone and soft tissue. Promotes growth through lipolysis, protein anabolism, and insulin antagonism. |
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Term
| Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) |
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Definition
| Anterior pituitary hormone that targets melanocytes. Promotes pigmentation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Posterior pituitary hormone that targets kidneys. Promotes water re-absorption. |
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Term
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Definition
| Posterior pituitary hormone that targets the uterus and mammary glands. Stimulates uterine contractions and ejaculation of breast milk. |
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Term
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Definition
| Male and female reproductive endocrine glands. Male - testes. Female - ovaries. |
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Term
| Functions of glucocorticoid hormones |
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Definition
Prevent hypoglycemia by increasing liver gluconeogenesis and inhibiting peripheral glucose use.
Maintain excitability and responsiveness of cardiac muscle. Increase lipolysis, releasing glycerol and free fatty acids.
Increase protein catabolism.
Degrade collagen and connective tissue.
Increase the number of mature neutrophils released from bone marrow.
Exert anti-inflammatory effects that decrease the migration of inflammatory cells to sites of injury.
Maintain behavior and cognitive functions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormones produced in the zona glomerulosa (located in the cortex) of the adrenal gland that help control the body's sodium and potassium content |
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Term
| Adrenal steroids (corticosteroids) |
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Definition
| Hormones secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland |
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Term
| Structure of the adrenal gland |
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Definition
Capsule
Cortex - Zona glomerulosa(outer), Zona fascitulata(middle), Zona reticularis(inner)
Medulla |
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Term
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Definition
| Major mineralcorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex that maintains extra-cellular fluid volume |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced by the adrenal cortex and are essential for life |
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Term
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Definition
| Main glucocorticoid. Effects carb, protein, and fat metabolism; The body's response to stress; emotional stability; and immune function. |
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Term
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Definition
| Androgens and estrogens. Secreted in low levels by the adrenal cortex in both genders. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adrenal medullary hormones secreted due to stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. Include epinephrine(85%) and norepinephrine(15%). |
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Term
| Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) |
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Definition
| Secreted by the hypothalamus, effects the anterior pituitary. Stimulates ACTH synthesis, and secretion. |
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Term
| Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) |
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Definition
| Secreted by the hypothalamus, effects the anterior pituitary. Stimulates TSH and PRL secretion. |
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Term
| Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) |
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Definition
| Secreted by the hypothalamus, effects the anterior pituitary. Stimulates FSH and LH secretion. |
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Term
| Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) |
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Definition
| Secreted by the hypothalamus, effects the anterior pituitary. Stimulates GH secretion. |
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Term
| Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) |
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Definition
| Secreted by the hypothalamus, effects the anterior pituitary. GH and GI hormone suppression. |
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Term
| Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) |
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Definition
| Secreted by the hypothalamus, effects the anterior pituitary. Inhibits PRL secretion. |
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Term
| Melanocyte-inhibiting hormone (MIH) |
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Definition
| Secreted by the hypothalamus, effects the anterior pituitary. Inhibits MSH secretion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thyroid hormone that affects the central and peripheral body systems. Increases basal metabolic rate, and regulates growth and development. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thyroid hormone that affects the central and peripheral body systems. Increases basal metabolic rate, and regulates growth and development. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thyroid hormone that affects the intestines, bones, and kidneys. Lowers blood calcium levels. |
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Term
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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Definition
| Affects the bones, and kidneys. Increases blood calcium levels. |
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Term
| Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) |
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Definition
| Adrenal hormone that targets the liver. Stimulates gluconeogenesis. |
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Term
| Mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone) |
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Definition
| Adrenal hormone that targets the kidneys. Increases ion and water reabsorption |
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Term
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Definition
| Ovarian hormone that targets cells throughout the whole body. Facilitates reproduction and sex characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ovarian hormone that targets cells throughout the whole body. Facilitates reproduction and sex characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| Testicular hormone that targets cells throughout the whole body. Facilitates reproduction and sex characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pancreatic hormone that targets the liver, skeletal muscle, and fat tissue. Stimulates glucose absorption from the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pancreatic hormone that targets the liver. Stimulates glycogen to glucose conversion. |
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Term
| Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH, Somatostatin) |
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Definition
| Targets the anterior pituitary and GI system. Causes GH and GI hormone suppression. |
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