Term
What are the characteristics of a malignant tumor?
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Definition
| Irregular shape, invasive, metastasizes, not encapsulated, increased potential for growth, increased recurrence, causes death |
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Term
| What are 3 ways that cancer can spread? |
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Definition
Metastasis (through lymph and blood vessels), invasion, and seeding
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Term
| What are the 4 causes of cancer? |
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Definition
| 1. Environmental 2. Genetic & familial factors 3. Hormonal agents 4. Age |
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Term
Identify what the following Tumor Markers are for:
PSA (normal level?), Ca 125, CA 15-3, CA 19-9 |
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Definition
PSA (Prostate specific antigen)-could also be indicative of infection (normal level <4)
Ca 125 for Ovarian Cancer, CA 15-3 for Breast Cancer, CA 19-9 for Pancrease & Liver. All are used to monitor treatment |
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Term
| What are some X-rays to test for cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does Nuclear Medicine Imaging work? |
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Definition
| Radioactive isotopes gather in areas of high metabolic activities |
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Term
| How does PET scans work? What is it used for? |
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Definition
| Provide detailed info on blood flow, O2 Uptake, glucose uptake. Used to look for metastasis and monitor treatment |
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Term
| What is ultrasonography or ultrasound used for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is cytology? & Biopsy? |
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Definition
| Cytology is shedding or scraping cells for lab evaluation. Biopsy is surgically removing part of tissue. Biopsy is the most definitive way to determine cancer. |
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Term
| What are the Generalized Cancer Symptoms? |
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Definition
| 1. Unexplained weight loss (10lbs or more w/o dieting) 2. Unexplained fever 3. Fatigue 4. Pain 5. Skin clues |
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Term
| What are the 7 common symptoms of cancer? |
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Definition
| 1. Change in bowel or bladder function 2. sores that do not heal 3. Unusual bleeding or discharge 4. Thickening or a lump 5. Indigestion or difficulty swallowing 6. Recent change in a wart or mole 7. Nagging cough or hoarseness |
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Term
| What are the 8 steps for cancer prevention? |
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Definition
| 1. Eat more fresh vegies 2. Increase fiber intake 3. Reduce intake of fat 4. Stop smoking 5. moderate alcohol intake 6. avoid exposure to sun 7. be physically active |
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Term
| If 40 yrs or older, how often should you get mammogram? |
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Definition
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Term
| For 40 or older and between 20-39 yrs old, how often should perform clinical breast exam? |
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Definition
| yearly for 40 or older, every 3 yrs if 20-39 |
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Term
| When should perform breast self-exam? |
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Definition
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Term
| For 50 or older, how often should get fecal occult blood test, flexible signoidoscopy, double contrast barium enema, and colonoscopy? |
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Definition
| Fecal occult blood test (every year), Flexible signoidoscopy (every 5 yrs), Double-contrast barium enema (every 5 yrs), Colonoscopy (every 10 yrs) |
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Term
| How often should check prostate with Digital rectal exam and PSA test? |
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Definition
| Yearly if 50 or older. If high risk like blacks, start at age 45 |
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Term
| When to check cervis with Pap test & pelvic exam? |
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Definition
| Yearly if 21 or older. Less frequently after 3 or more normal exams |
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Term
| What are the 3 general treatment options for Cancer? |
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Definition
| 1. Cure. 2. Control. 3. Palliative |
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Term
| What is the diagnostic staging usef for cancers? |
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Definition
T- Primary Tumor
N- Lymph node involvement
M- Metastasis is present |
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Term
| What is the grading classification for prognosis? |
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Definition
I-->caught early with excellent prognosis
IV-->aggressive & less responsive to tx |
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Term
| How can surgery be used as primary treatment? |
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Definition
| Local excision, wide or radical excision |
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Term
| What is prophylactic surgery? |
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Definition
| Performed in between diagnosis. Want a clear margin. Incision might be large to achieve a clear margin |
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Term
| What are the 2 additional types of surgery for relieving pain from large mass and restoring body image? |
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Definition
| 1. Palliative surgery 2. Reconstructive surgery |
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Term
| What are the 3 greatest risks for complication post-op cancer surgery who had chemo or radiation before op? |
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Definition
| 1. Infection, wound healing 2. Pulmonary or renal 3. DVT |
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Term
| How does Radiation Therapy work? |
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Definition
| Break intracellular DNA. But also destroy DNA of normal cells |
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Term
| What could radiation be used for? |
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Definition
| For cure, control, or palliative. It is localized and increases with chemotherapy |
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Term
| What are location reactions for the skin by radiation? |
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Definition
| Hairloss, Eurythema (redness), shed skin cells |
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Term
| Reactions of Radiation to Epithelial lining of the GI tract? |
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Definition
| Dry mouth, gastritis, anerexia, N/V/D, Stomatitis |
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Term
Reaction of external radiation to Bone marrow?
What is the term used to describe a decrease in everything? |
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Definition
Decrease in RBC, WBC, and Platlets (Thrombopenia), Fatique, more prone to infection.
Pancytopenia- decrease in all areas |
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Term
| What is another radiation option but not as often used? Benefit? |
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Definition
Intra-op Radiation
While surgery, give a focused radiation treatment. Less doses, less ADE |
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Term
| What are the nursing interventions for External Radiation? |
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Definition
| 1. Assess skin & oral mucosa 2. Gentle oral hygine 3. Good skin care 4. DO NOT USE ointments, lotions, or powerders, avoid sunlight to that area 5. Abd radiation: Antiemetics prior to tx (to alleviate NV) 6. Upper body radaition: expect dry mouth 7. Assist w ADLs |
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Term
What are the 2 types of internal radiation?
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Definition
| Brachytherapy & Interstitial compartments |
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Term
What is brachytherapy?
What is it used for?
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Definition
| Implantation is by catheters into body cavities. Used to treat GYN Cancers |
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Term
| How do you prevent dislodgeing in brachytherapy? |
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Definition
| complete bed rest, log roll pt, foley cath, low residue diet & antidiarrheal meds |
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Term
What is Interstitial compartments?
What is it used for? |
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Definition
| Temp or permanent consists of needles, seeds, or beads. Used for breast or prostate cancer |
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Term
| Nursing interventions for Internal Radiation? |
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Definition
| Private room, post notice of radiation, minimize time at beside, Radaition fall out-DO NOT TOUCH, Instruct pt to call and no not touch if dislodges, NO pregnant staff, NO children or preg visitors, Visiting time 30min and keep 6ft distance |
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Term
| What are Cell cycle-specific drugs? |
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Definition
| Chemo agents that destroy cells actively reproducing |
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Term
| Which phase does most chemo target? |
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Definition
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Term
| Other agents are classified according to what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the Common side effects of chemo? |
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Definition
| Alopecia (hair loss), stomatitis (irritation of stomach), and bone marrow supression |
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Term
| What are the dose limiting effects of chemo? |
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Definition
| Hepatotoxicity (liver), Pnemonitis (inflammation of lungs by bacteria), hemorrhagic cystitis, Tubular necrosis (renal problems), cardiotoxicity |
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Term
| What are the cumulative effects of chemo? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some cautions for administration of chemo? |
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Definition
| 1. No pregnant nurses 2. double glove 3. plastic gown 4. No dreaking or eating 5. If spill, block off area and call environmental service 6. dispose all chemo items |
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Term
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Definition
| When the medicine gets out of the vessel into the surrounding areas |
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Term
| What should u do in event of extravasation? |
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Definition
| Stop drug. Apply ice to site. Physician may aspirate the site & inject neutralizing agent |
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Term
What is Allogenic Bone Marrow Transplant?
How is it transplanted?
How long does it take the marrow to begin producing RBCs, WBCs, & platelets?
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Definition
| From a selected donor. Engraftment by IV. 2-4 weeks. |
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Term
| What is the problem with Allogenic transplant? How is it prevented? |
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Definition
| GVHD. Prevented through steriods and immunosuppressant drugs. |
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Term
| What is Autologous Transplant? |
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Definition
| Transplant from self. Pts' own marrow is harvested, preserved, and treated w. chemo. Then marrow is re-infused back to the pt. |
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Term
| What is Syngeneic Transplant? |
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Definition
| Transplant from identical twin, perfect match. |
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Term
| What is nursing care for Bone Marrow Transplant? |
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Definition
| Reverse Isolation: Private room, Laminar airflow, sterile linen, sterile hygiene equip. Remove gown AFTER leaving room. |
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