PROTECTION AGAINST INFECTION.

PREVENTION OF THE LOSS OF BODY FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYTES.

REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE

EXCRETORY FUNCTIONS

VITAMIN D SYNTHESIS

MASSIVE AMOUNTS OF FLUIDS, PROTEINS AND ELECTROLYTES CONSTANTLY OOZE FROM THE DENUDED AREAS.     

PROTECTION AGAINST INFECTION.

INTACT SKIN FORMS A BARRIER AGAINST MICRORGANISMS AND OTHER FOREIGN SUBSTANCES.  INTACT SKIN AND    MUCUS MEMBRANES ARE THE FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE AGAINST INFECTION.   

THE SKIN IS CAPABLE OF EXCRETING LACTATE, AMONIA, UREA, AND SALT    

VITAMIN D SYNTHESIS

THE SKIN FORMS 7-DEHYDROCHOLESTEROL, WHICH FACILITATES THE FORMATION OF VITAMIN D WHEN THE SKIN IS EXPOSED TO SUNLIGHT. 

ANYTHING THAT BLOCKS EXPOSURE TO SUNLOIGHT CAN INTERFERE WITH THIS FUNCTION.  THAT’S WHY MANY FOOD PRODUCTS, SUCH AS MILK, ARE FORTIFIED WITH VITAMIN D.  

PAIN, HEAT, COLD, AND PRESSURE.

IDENTITY AND BODY IMAGE.

95% OF IT’S CELLS ARE KERATINOCYTES AND

5% OF its CELLS ARE MELANOCYTES

PRODUCE MELANIN.

EPIDERMIS is REPLACED....

EPIDERMIS is COMPOSED OF

STRATUM CORNEUM.

THE OUTER LAYERof the Epidermis

   IS A PROTECTIVE LAYER

NOT PRESENT IN MUCOUS MEMBRANES ...MEMBRANES DRY OUT EASILY,ALSO ALLOWS ENTRY AND EXIT OF PATHOGENS with out this layer.

EPIDERMIS ALSO LINES THE HAIR FOLLICLES AND THE SEBACEOUS GLANDS.

THIS IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE A CLIENT WHO HAS A BURN OR A SKIN INJURY CAN GROW NEW SKIN IF THE HAIR FOLLICLES AND SEBACEOUS GLANDS ARE INTACT

, EPIDERMAL CELLS FORM IN THE HAIR FOLLICLE AND THE SEBACEOUS GLANDS.THESE EPIDERMAL CELLS MOVE UP TO THE SURFACE

Skin Buds

SKIN HEALing

AS THESE EPIDERMAL CELLS COME TO THE SURFACE THEY FORM LITTLE BUD LIKE STRUCTURES. THESE BUD LIKE STRUCTURES LOOK LIKE A FINE WHITE POWDERY SUBSTANCE

Skin Buds

NURSES ROLL 

 IMPORTANT THAT THE NURSE NOT REMOVE OR DISRUPT THESE BUDS DURING BATHING BECAUSE THESE BUDS WILL GROW AND SPREAD UNTIL EVENTUALLY THEY WILL TOUCH EACH OTHER AND FORM AN INTACT LAYER OF SKIN.

THE NEW EPIDERMIS WILL NOT FORM.

RETE RIDGES

EPIDERMIS ALSO CONTAINS THESES STRUCTURES

EXTEND DOWNWARD AND FIT BETWEEN THE DERMAL PAPILLAE TO ANCHOR THE EPIDERMIS TO THE DERMIS 

ARE LOOSE IN INFANTS & THE ELDERLY SO THE SKIN LAYERS SEPARATE EASILY.  FLUID THEN SEEPS IN TO THE AREA AND BLISTERS FORM.

IS THICK AND GIVES BULK TO THE SKIN.CONTAINS:VARIOUS CELLS AND SUBSTANCES RESPONSIBLE FOR HEALING, ITCHING, AND FOR  ACUTE AND  CHRONIC INFLAMMATION. HAIR FOLLICLES, SEBACEOUS GLANDS, SWEAT GLANDS AND BLOOD VESSELS, NERVE ENDINGS.

SUBCUTANEOUS FAT

CONTAINS 

THE SUBCUTANEOUS FAT

THE UPPER SKIN LAYERS,

SERVES AS A CALORIC RESERVOIR AND

INSULATES AGAINST HEAT LOSS.

Glands

 3 TYPES 

THE SEBACEOUS,

THE APOCRINE AND

THEY ORIGINATE IN THE DERMIS AND  EXTEND UP INTO THE EPIDERMIS

ARE THE OIL PRODUCING GLANDS.   THEY ARE LOCATED ON THE FACE, SCALP, UPPER TRUNK, AND THE GENITALS.THEY SECRETE SEBUM VIA THE HAIR FOLLICLE

ARE LOCATED IN THE AXILLAE, AREOLAE, EYELIDS, PERI-UMBILICAL, PERIANAL, AND THE GENITAL AREAS, AND IN THE EXTERNAL EAR CANALS.

BEGIN TO FUNCTION AT PUBERTY.

SECRETE MINUTE AMOUNTS OF A STERILE, ODORLESS, MILKY-WHITE FLUID VIA THE HAIR FOLLICLE, WHICH ISUNNOTICEABLE ON THE SKIN UNTIL IT IS ACTED UPON BY BACTERIA.

ARE ALSO SWEAT GLANDS.

LOCATED OVER THE ENTIRE BODY AND SECRETE WATER AND ELECTROLYTES VIA THE PORES.

PROVIDE THERMAL REGULATION.

REGULATED BY THE HYPOTHALAMUS IN RESPONSE TO HEAT OR EMOTIONAL STRESS.

ALSO EXCRETE LACTATE, UREA, AMMONIA, AND SALT.     

ECCRINE GLANDS

and

SPINAL CORD INJURIES 

CLIENTS WHO HAVE this CAN HAVE A HEAT STROKE SO EASILY.

THEY CAN’T SWEAT BELOW THE SPINAL CORD LESION BECAUSE THE MESSAGE CAN’T GET TO GLAND FROM THE BRAIN.

THE ECCRINE GLANDS

and 

LIVER AND KIDNEY FAILURE CLIENTS 

OFTEN ODIFEROUS IN SPITE OF ADEQUATE HYGIENE CARE

RESPONSIBLE FOR UREMIC FROST, WHICH IS A WHITE POWDERY SUBSTANCE THAT COLLECTS ON THE SKIN OF KIDNEY FAILURE CLIENTS IF THEY ARE NOT DIALYZED

SLOWER RATE OF EPIDERMAL PROLIFERATION AND A DECREASED DERMAL BLOOD SUPPLY, BOTH OF WHICH CAN CAUSE DELAYED WOUND HEALING.

ELDERLY

 DERMIS

THINNER AND HAS DECREASED FLEXIBILITY AND ELASTICITY, AND FLATTENED DERMAL-EPIDERMAL JUNCTION (THAT IS RETE RIDGES).         

ELDERLY

 SWEAT AND SEBACEOUS GLANDS

CHECK BETWEEN SKIN FOLDS BECAUSE OF THE INCREASED RISK OF YEAST GROWTH IN THESE AREAS BECAUSE THESE AREAS TEND TO BE DARK AND MOIST.

LESIONS

 SIZE IS MEASURED IN....

CENTIMETERS OR MILLIMETERS.

THE LESION A MACULE, PAPULE, OR VESICLES – STUDY THE CHART IN YOUR TEXT BOOK ON YOUR OWN.

A DISCRETE LESION IS

A LESION THAT IS DISTINCT AND SEPARATED FROM THE OTHER LESIONS, WHILE

CONFLUENT 

Types

of

LESIONS 

LESIONS TOUCH AND OVERLAP EACH OTHER.

LESIONS CAN BE CLUSTERED TOGETHER OR THEY CAN BE LINEAR.

SKIN SHOULD BE ASSESSED BILATERALLY FOR TEMPERATURE USING THE  BACKS OF THE HANDS.

Skin Assessment

what to note

SKIN TEXTURE, MOBILITY, AND MOISTURE SHOULD BE NOTED.

THE CHEST IS THE BEST SITE, ESPECIALLY IN THE ELDERLY.

WHICH ARE EVIDENCE OF IV DRUG USE

THE NURSE SHOULD NOTE THE PRESENCE OF this 

Skin Assessment

COLOR AND DISTRIBUTION SHOULD BE ASSESSED.

IT SHOULD BE NOTED WHETHER THE HAIR IS THICK OR THIN AND WHETHER THERE IS ANY DANDRUFF OR NITS.

HAIR ON THE FEET AND LEGS CAN BE AN INDICATOR OF VASCULAR HEALTH.    

CONFIGURATION, COLOR, AND CONSISTENCY.