Term
Posterior pituitary
HORMONE RELEASED |
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Definition
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin
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Term
Anterior pituitary
HORMONE RELEASED |
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Definition
Somatotropin (growth hormone)
Prolactin
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH) in females and interstitial cellstimulating hormone (ICSH) in males
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
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Term
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Definition
| Tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine or T4) and triiodothyronine or(T3) |
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Term
Parathyroids
HORMONE RELEASED |
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Definition
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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Term
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Definition
| Several thymosin and thymopoietin hormones; thymic humoral factor; thymostimulin; factor thymic serum |
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Term
Adrenal medulla
HORMONE RELEASED
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Definition
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Norepinephrine
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Term
Adrenal cortex
HORMONE RELEASED |
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Definition
Corticosteroids: Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)
Gonadocorticoids (mainly androgens—male sex hormones)
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Term
Pancreas (islets of Langerhans)
HORMONE RELEASED |
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Definition
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Term
traiodothyronine (thyroxine or T4)
and triiodothyronine (T3). |
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Definition
| These two hormones regulate the body's metabolic rate. |
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Term
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Definition
| another thyroid hormone, inhibits the release of calcium from bone into the extracellular fluid. A rise in the serum calcium level stimulates the release of it from the thyroid gland. |
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Term
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Definition
increases the level of calcium in the blood when there is a decrease in the serum level. Parathormone does so by
(1) causing calcium and phosphorus to be released from bones;
(2) interfering with the urinary excretion of calcium, but promoting the urinary excretion of phosphorus; and
(3) activating vitamin D, which causes an increase in calcium absorption within the intestine. |
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Term
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Definition
| aid in developing T lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell involved in immunity |
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Term
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Definition
| adrenal cortex manufactures and secretes glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and small amounts of androgenic sex hormones. Collectively, these hormones are called ____. |
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Term
| epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
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Definition
| These two hormones are released in response to stress or threat to life. They facilitate what is referred to as the physiologic stress response also known as thefight-orflight response |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone released by beta islet cells, lowers the level of blood glucose when it rises beyond normal limits |
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Term
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Definition
| released by alpha islet cells, raises blood sugar levels by stimulating glycogenosis, the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, in the liver. |
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Term
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Definition
| the kidneys release a hormone that initiates the production of angiotensin and aldosterone to increase blood pressure and blood volume. |
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Term
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Definition
| kidneys secretes a substance that promotes the maturation of red blood cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| determines the concentration of a substance in plasma. Venous blood samples are required for tests. A radioactively labeled substance (e.g., hormone, protein, antibodies, antigens) is combined in the laboratory with a blood sample to determine the quantity of the substance to be identified. |
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Term
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Definition
| uses a radioactive substance that is taken orally or injected intravenously. The dose of the radioactive substance is larger than the dose used for radionuclide studies. Certain endocrine organs are visualized or their ac¬ tivity determined by means of special equipment. |
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Term
Thyroid Hormone (TH)
required for synthesis
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Definition
Adequate protein & iodine intake required for synthesis
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Term
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Definition
– Cellular metabolic activity
– Energy production
– Growth & development
– Fetal cell differentiation
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Term
• Calcitonin (thyrocalcitonin)
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Definition
– Antagonist to parathyroid hormone
– Controlled by serum Ca++ levels
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Term
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Definition
Cretinism, Myxedema Coma, Myxedema
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Term
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Definition
Inadequate secretion of TH during fetal or neonatal development
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Term
Hypothyroidism
Myxedema Coma
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Adult Hypothyroidism- Ongoing âTH
â Metabolism in every body system
Onset usu. Age 30 - 60 Y/O
♀ > ♂, Often dismissed as normal aging in elderly
May be subtle (normal TH level, TSH)
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Term
Hypothyroidism Etiology
Primary |
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Definition
Thyroidectomy, sodium 131 I
Hashimoto’s- Autoimmune thyroiditis
Infection of thyroid gland
Congenital defect in gland
Mal-development of gland
Radiation to head & neck
Thyrotoxic drugs
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Term
Hypothyroidism Etiology
Secondary
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Definition
Hypothalmic
Pituitary
Lack of iodine in diet
Peripheral resistance to TH
Idiopathic
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Term
hypothyroid
Diagnostic Tests |
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Definition
• ↑ TSH
• ¯ T3 & T4
¯ (Possible) RAI (radioactive iodine) uptake |
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Term
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Definition
levothyroxin sodium (Synthroid, Levothyroid)= Requires 2 months , Increase dose gradually
Full drug treatment often difficult in elderly
Thyroidectomy if goiter impinges upon airway
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Term
hypothroid Nursing Assessment
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Definition
Iodine allergy, Clinical manifestation, Effect on client lifestyle, body image, relationships
Family Hx, Exposure to mild ionizing radiation
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Term
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Definition
• Diet ¯ fat & calories, ↑fiber, ↑ fluid intake
• Stool softeners
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Term
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Definition
• Thyrotoxic crises (Thyroid Storm)
• Graves Disease
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Term
Hyperthyroidism
Etiology Primary
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Definition
– Thyroid cancer
– Thyroiditis
– Autoimmune Disorder (Graves)
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Term
Hyperthyroidism
Etiology Secondary
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Definition
Pituitary adenoma
– Over ingestion of thyroid replacement meds
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Term
Hyperthyroidism - Grave’s
• Epidemiology |
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Definition
Autoimmune disorder
Associated with other autoimmune disorders
Familial predisposition
Exacerbations & remissions
Onset frequently associated with illness or significant physical or emotional stress, ♀ > ♂
Peak onset age 20 -40 yrs.
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Term
Parathyroid Gland
Hormones Released |
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Definition
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH, Parathormone)
-Stimulated by decreased ionized Ca Level
-Regulated by negative feedback |
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Term
Clinical Manifestations(Grave’s)
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Definition
• Affects every body system
• Elderly
• Goiter
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Term
Hyperthyroidism
Ocular Clinical Manifestations
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Definition
Proptosis- bulging eyes, Corneal damage, Exophthalmos, Periorbital edema
Diplopia/blurred vision Redness of conjunctiva
Blindness ,Lacrimation
Photophobia |
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Term
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Definition
Regulates:
-Serum Ca levels (increases)
-Serum Phosphorus levels (decreases)
(through reciprocal relationship with Ca) |
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Term
Hyperthyroidism
Diagnostic Tests
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Definition
Thyroid panel - ¯ TSH, T4, T3
Protein bound iodine, free T3, thyroglobuli
T3 RU (Resin Uptake)
Thyroid scan shows uptake of radioactive iodine (131 I & 123 I)
Thyroid antibodies (serum)
Radioactive iodine uptake (RAI)
Thyroid ultrasound
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Term
| Parathyroid increases Ca levels by: |
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Definition
-Bones
Stimulates osteoclasts -> Increases reabsorption (Ca sucked out of bones into the blood) -> Can cause osteoporosis.
-Kidneys (renal tubules)
Cause retention of Ca and excretion of phosphorus.
-GI Tract
Activates Vitamin D -> Absorption of dietary Ca. Requires adequate intake of Vitamin D (usually from sunlight)
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Term
Hyperthyroidism
Client & Family Teaching
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Definition
Mood swings– Psychological improves with treatment
Rest periods– Restrict visits
Avoid arguing & stimulation
Activities
Sedative
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Term
Hyperthyroidism
Nursing Interventions
Diet |
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Definition
• small frequent meals– calorie, CHO & protein; ¯ fiber & gas forming– 4000-5000 cal/day– Vitamin supplement
• ↑Fluid intake
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Term
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Definition
• ¯ Periorbital edema– ↑ HOB– ¯ Na+ diet Diuretics/steroids
Eye protection– Eye gtts. during day
– Ointment & patches at night– Wrap around sunglasses
Inspect for corneal damag
Eye exercises
Surgery
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Term
Hyperthyroidism
Antithyroid Medications
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Definition
• Inhibit synthesis of but not release of stored TH
2-4 weeks to see improvement, Remission after 6-8 weeks, Drug can be tapered off, May need other med doses adjusted
Contraindicated in pregnancy
Watch for S/S hypothyroidism, Watch for agranulocytosis
Examples- Propylthiouracil (PTU) Methimazole (tapazole)
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