Term
| What does the Hct and Hgb tell you about anemia |
|
Definition
tells you about anemia that has occured with in 20-90 days.
There may be a dilay in seeing recovery as well. Until new RCB's are produced. |
|
|
Term
| What is the best method of monitoring a pts recovery from anemia |
|
Definition
Reticulocyte count (immature RBC's)-
will increase with treatment
or
RDW- RBC distribution with increases
once recovering
|
|
|
Term
What categories are anemia classified as?
What is it based on? |
|
Definition
mild 10-14, mod 6-10, severe <6
Hgb level |
|
|
Term
| After an acute blood loss how long will it take to get an acute view of the Hgb and Hct values? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the anemia of chronic disease? |
|
Definition
anemia that is seen in the elderly with multiple comorbidities and those with chronic conditions.
Indications: ↓ Fe, ↑ TIBC (total iron binding capacity)
and ↑ferritin |
|
|
Term
| What genetically transmitted anemia's will complicate and acute situation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Anemia
INTEGUMENTARY MANIFESTATIONS: |
|
Definition
Pallor, especially of the ears, the nail beds, the palmar creases, the conjunctivae, and around the mouth
• Cool to the touch
• Intolerance of cold temperatures
• Nails become brittle and may lose the normal convex shape; over time, nails become concave and fingers assume club-like appearance |
|
|
Term
Anemia
CARDIOVASCULAR MANIFESTATIONS |
|
Definition
Tachycardia at basal activity levels, increasing with activity and during and immediately after meals
• Murmurs and gallops heard on auscultation when anemia is severe
• Orthostatic hypotension |
|
|
Term
Anemia
RESPIRATORY MANIFESTATIONS |
|
Definition
Dyspnea on exertion
• Decreased oxygen saturation levels |
|
|
Term
Anemia
NEUROLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS |
|
Definition
Increased somnolence and fatigue
• Headache |
|
|
Term
| Immunohemolytic Anemia result from... |
|
Definition
| immune system products (e.g., antibodies) attack a person's own RBCs for unknown reasons. |
|
|
Term
In Iron Deficiency Anemia RBCs are
(size)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In iron deficiency anemia, serum ferritin values are: |
|
Definition
LOW
less than 10 n g/mL (normal range is 12 to 300 ng/mL).
|
|
|
Term
| Iron deficiency anemia can result from: |
|
Definition
| blood loss, poor GI absorption of iron, and an inadequate diet. |
|
|
Term
| Any adult with iron deficiency shouldALWAYS be evaluated for: |
|
Definition
| abnormal bleeding, especially from the GI tract. |
|
|
Term
| The management of iron d efficiency anemia involves increasing the oral intake of iron from food sources such as: |
|
Definition
| red meat, organ meat, egg yolks, kidney beans, leafy green vegetables, and raisins |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin B12 deficiency causes anemia by inhibiting: |
|
Definition
folic acid transport and reducing DNA synthesis in precursor cells to RBC
These precursor cells then undergo improper DNA synthesis and increase in size |
|
|
Term
Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia is called
(size of cells) |
|
Definition
| megaloblastic or macrocytic anemia because of the large size of these abnormal cells. |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin B12 deficiency results from |
|
Definition
poor intake of foods containing vitamin B12. This can occur with vegetarian diets or diets lacking dairy products.
small bowel resection, diverticula, tapeworm, or overgrowth of intestinal bacteria |
|
|
Term
| pernicious anemia is caused by |
|
Definition
| deficiency of intrinsic factor (a substance normally secreted by the gastric mucosa), which is needed for intestinal absorption of vitamin B12. |
|
|
Term
| foods rich in vitamin B12 |
|
Definition
| animal proteins, eggs, nuts, dairy products, dried beans, citrus fruit, leafy green vegetables |
|
|
Term
| Aplastic anemia is a deficiency of- |
|
Definition
circulating red blood cells (RBCs)
because of failure of the b one marrow to produce these cells. |
|
|
Term
Labs: MCV MCH RDW
PTs: ↓ ↓ ↑
based on these values what type of anemia
does the pt have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Labs: MCV MCH RDW
PTs: ↑ norm ↑
based on these values what type of anemia
does the pt have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Labs: MCV MCH RDW
PTs: ↓ ↓ norm
based on these values what type of anemia
does the pt have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If your pt has a elevated neutrophil count what might you assume? |
|
Definition
| the presences of a bacterial infection |
|
|
Term
| If your pt has a elevated lymphocyte count what might you assume? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if your pt is having an allergic reaction what WBC will be elevated? |
|
Definition
| Eosinophils and Basophils (and stress) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
clean up debris from infection
can indicate infection is resolved |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
neutrophils < 15%
indicates sever disease
|
|
|
Term
| What drugs can cause neutropenia |
|
Definition
Abx: sulfonamides, Aminoglycosides
Anti-retovirals
chlopromazine
Cimetadine
phenytion
Methymazole |
|
|
Term
| What drug does vitamin K block? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What labs need to be drawn your pt is on Comedian? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a pt is on coumadin what do you want there PT range to be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what it the thariputice range for a pt on heprin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What labs should be drawn when a pt is on heprin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the antagonist for heprin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Coumadin
What is the Most important patient education: |
|
Definition
| Teach patients to monitor for bleeding, to modify behavior to avoid injuries, and to avoid greatly increased vitamin K intake. |
|
|
Term
| When would a pt be diagnosed with thrombocytopenia |
|
Definition
when plaitlets are < 250,000
severe when < 100,000 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
heparin induced thrombocytopenia
autoimmune triggered by heparin reaction platelets are destroyed |
|
|
Term
| Why do pt's typically receive PRBC's |
|
Definition
to ↑ O2 carrying capacity
or
correct anemias |
|
|
Term
| Why do pt's typically receive FFP |
|
Definition
intravascular vol. expansion
increase clotting factors |
|
|
Term
| Why do pt's typically receive platelets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is giving blood components better then giving whole blood |
|
Definition
more spicific treatment of the condition
reduced risk of transfution reactions
a single unit donated can treat multiple patients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protection to a person that is given by being a member of the species |
|
|
Term
| What is active acquired immunity |
|
Definition
your immune system has been activated to produce antibodies against a specific antigen
(Immunizations) |
|
|
Term
| What is passive acquired immunity |
|
Definition
a person receives a foreign antibody
(breast feeding, IGg) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
involves the B lymphocytes
produces specific antibodies, plasma cells and memory cells
|
|
|
Term
| What is cell-mediadted immunity |
|
Definition
involves the T-lymphocytes
identifying pathogens and triggering the
Humoral system |
|
|
Term
| What is the complement system? |
|
Definition
| the antigen antibody coplex that ends product is stimulation of coagulation, mast cells, and platelets. |
|
|
Term
What is Histocompatability Class I |
|
Definition
found on all cells and tissues
involes groups A B C |
|
|
Term
| What is Histocompatability Class II |
|
Definition
found on B lymphocytes and microphages
involes the D and DR groups |
|
|
Term
| What is Histocompatability Class III |
|
Definition
found on RBC's and complement used for blood typing
involves groups A, B, and O |
|
|
Term
What is a Type I – (Allergic / Anaphylactic)
Immune Reactions
|
|
Definition
| hypersensitivity reactions are IgE-mediated responses which occur relatively rapidly following exposure to a previously-encountered antigen. |
|
|
Term
What is a Type II – (Cytotoxic)
Immune Reactions |
|
Definition
| are caused by antibodies which react with self-antigens, and the direct toxicity which results in this interaction. |
|
|
Term
What is a Type III – (Immune Complex)
Immune Reactions |
|
Definition
| antibody-mediated, but they involve the deposition of pre-formed immune complexes and resultant complement activation. Immune complexes GN's such aslupus nephritis and post-strep glomerulonephritis are the classic examples here. |
|
|
Term
What is a Type IV (Cell-mediated / Delayed)
Immune Reactions |
|
Definition
| mediated predominantly by T-cells, which explains why the lag time from exposure to immune response is somewhat delayed compared to the other immune reaction types. |
|
|
Term
What is Autoimmune dysfunctions?
|
|
Definition
| The body fails to self from nonself and attacs the body |
|
|
Term
What is the Original insult therory of Autoimmune dysfunctions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the Genetic factor theory of Autoimmune dysfunctions
|
|
Definition
| familial HLA alter immune function |
|
|
Term
| What is the Alloimmunity theory of Autoimmune dysfunctions |
|
Definition
| exposure to tissue not their won but in the same species |
|
|
Term
What are Primary Immunodeficiencies |
|
Definition
| congenital - falty B cells or T cells |
|
|
Term
| What are secondary Immunodeficiencies |
|
Definition
diseas prossess- HIV, Lupis
Aging-↓ T cell function
malnutrition- ↓ # and function of lyphocytes
stress- releases cortisole → ↓ T cell responce
trauma- ↓ chemotaxis, phagocytosis and anitbody production |
|
|
Term
| What complaints may a pt have if they are Immunocompromised |
|
Definition
| fever, fatiuge, lymmphadenopathy,bleeding |
|
|
Term
| What are risk factors for becoming Immunocompromised |
|
Definition
| pre-existing disease, meds, ect |
|
|
Term
What can the nurse do to pormote the protection of patient who is Immunocompromised
|
|
Definition
Environmental controls
promote skin integrity, nutritional status, pulmonary toilet
and prevent injury |
|
|
