Term
inspiration is ____
expiration is _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| expiration is slightly active with _____________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath |
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Term
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Definition
| additional air that can be forcefully exhaled after normal exhalation |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of air remaining in lungs after forced expiration, air available in lungs for gas exchange between breaths |
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Term
| inspiratory reserve volume |
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Definition
| max amount of air that can be inhaled forcefully after normal inhalation |
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Term
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Definition
| max amount of air that lungs can contain |
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Term
| functional residual capacity |
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Definition
| air left in lungs at end of normal exhalation |
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Term
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Definition
| max air that can be exhaled after max inhalation |
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Term
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Definition
| max air that can be inhaled after normal exhalation |
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Term
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Definition
| mechanical, movement of air from pressure changes |
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Term
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Definition
| loading oxygen onto hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
V= ventilation
Q= perfusion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ventilation is fine but blood available for oxygenation is not |
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Term
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Definition
| blood flow is fine but airflow is not |
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Term
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Definition
| partial pressure, oxygen tension, amount of O2 dissolved in plasma, typically 3% |
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Term
O2-hemoglobin curve:
shift to left =
shift to right = |
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Definition
left= increased affinity, O2 attaches to hemoglobin easily but doesn't want to come off in tissues
right= decreased affinity, O2 has a hard time attaching to hemoglobin but comes off easily in tissues |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
↑pH
↓temp
↓pCO2
right of left shift |
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Definition
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Term
↓pH
↑temp
↑PCO2
↑2,3 DPG
right or left shift |
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Definition
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Term
| geri considerations for respiratory |
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Definition
less compliance
increased AP diameter
fewer alveoli
decreased cough reflex, cilia action, immune system
feedback loops slower (less ability to react to hypoxemia or hypercapnia) |
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Term
| results of age related resp changes |
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Definition
less oxygenation
more secretions
less ability to clear secretions
more infections
less ability to compensate for O2 and pH changes
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Term
| complications of nasal fracture or deviated septum |
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Definition
breathing obstruction
edema(trauma)
dry mucosa
nosebleed
mucus block |
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Term
| assessment for nasal fracture or deviated septum |
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Definition
breath through both nostrils
edema, bleeding, hematoma
clear fluid (CSF? test for glucose) |
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Term
| goals for nasal fracture or deviated septum |
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Definition
reduce edema
prevent complications |
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Term
| nasal fracture or deviated septum interventions |
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Definition
elevate HOB
nasal packing
ice
be prepared for septoplasty or rhinoplasty |
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Term
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Definition
sitting position
direct pressure for 10-15 min
ice
gauze pad in nostril
vasoconstrictors, cauterization, packing |
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Term
| intermittent allergic rhinitis |
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Definition
| symptoms present less than 4 days/week or 4 weeks/year |
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Term
| persistent allergic rhinitis |
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Definition
| symptoms present more than 4 days/week or 4 weeks/year |
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Term
| pt teaching for allergic rhinitis |
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Definition
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Term
| drugs for allergic rhinitis |
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Definition
corticosteroids- decrease inflammation(nasal spray)
mast cell stabilizers-inhibit degranulation(nasal spray)
leukotriene receptor antagonists-inhibit airway edema, bronchoconstriction, and inflamm
anticholinergics-decrease secretions(nasal spray)
antihistamines-block H1 receptors
decongestants-constrict vessels |
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Term
| influenza high risk groups |
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Definition
over 50
chronic heart and resp
hospitalized in past year(more likely to be in hospital again)
LTC residents
immunocompromised
pregnant
healthcare workers |
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Term
| who can get the live flu vaccine |
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Definition
| 2-49 yrs if healthy and not pregnant |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| when to come to Dr if you have the flu |
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Definition
| gradual improvement of flu symptoms followed by worsening cough and purulent sputum |
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Term
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Definition
benign masses
bluish
cause obstruction and clear discharge
endoscopic/laser surgery
will probably recur cordicosteroids may slow growth |
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Term
| treatment for foreign bodies in nose |
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Definition
sneeze with opposite nostril closed
remove via point of entry
dont push or irrigate=aspiration/obstruction
pt should see Dr if these don't work |
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Term
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Definition
painful swallowing, white patches (strep)
candida (antibiotic or corticosteroid use) |
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Term
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Definition
rheumatic heart disease
glomerulonephritis |
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Term
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Definition
scratchy throat
dysphagia
red,edematous
patchy yellow exudates
if white irregular patches-candida
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Term
| management of acute pharyngitis |
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Definition
symptom relief
prevent secondary infections
treat with antibiotics or nystatin
increase fluid intake
cool,bland liquids and jello won't irritate the pharynx
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Term
| nasopharyngitis can lead to... |
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Definition
obstruction
otitis media (short, straight eustacian tube-kids) |
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Term
| nasopharyngitis treatment |
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Definition
treat symptoms
fluids
HOB up
vaporizer
NS nose drops |
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Term
| nasopharyngitis risk for kids |
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Definition
can lead to obstruction
NEVER stick anything in their throat because you can close their airway(epiglottitis)
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Term
| complication of acute pharyngitis or tonsillitis |
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Definition
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Term
| peritonsillar abscess treatment |
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Definition
| antibiotics, needle aspiration, I&D, tonsillectomy as last resort |
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Term
| obstructive sleep apnea description |
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Definition
partial or complete obstruction with sleep
tongue and soft palate fall backward and obstruct
15-90 sec
severe hypercapnia and hypoxemia |
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Term
| manifestations of sleep apnea |
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Definition
frequent awakenings
loud snoring
morning HA
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Term
| management of sleep apnea |
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Definition
no sedatives or alcohol
wt loss
oral appliance
CPAP
BiPAP
surgery |
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Term
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Definition
inflate cuff until you no longer hear air passing through then withdraw 0.1 ml of air
must be adjusted frequently with new trach because of inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
preoxygenate before each pass
insert without suction
stop if resistance felt
no longer than 10 seconds
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Term
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Definition
| fenestrated or compressed air |
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Term
| tracheostomy tube change frequency |
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Definition
after first tube change changed once a month
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Term
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Definition
ineffective airway clearance
impaired communication
risk for infection
imbalanced nutrition
impaired swallowing
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Term
| cuff requirement for trach |
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Definition
pts who cant protect against aspiration need them
RT will evaluate whether or not pt needs cuff |
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Term
| decannulation requirements |
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Definition
when pt can exchange air and expectorate adequately
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Term
| dressing for stoma after decannulation |
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Definition
| stoma closed with tape and covered with occlusive dressing |
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Term
| pt teaching for decannulation |
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Definition
| splint stoma when coughing, swallowing and speaking |
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Term
| why is there a high risk of disability with head and neck cancer? |
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Definition
| pt disfigured, unable to do things they used to |
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Term
| who is at risk of head and neck cancer? |
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Definition
men-2x more than women
over 50
tobacco and alcohol |
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Term
| early signs of cancer in the oral cavity |
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Definition
| painless growth, non-healing ulcer, change in denture fit, citric acid irritation |
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Term
| change in denture fit and irritation from citric acid |
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Definition
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Term
| pain, dysphagia, decreased tongue mobility, slurred speech, airway obstruction, thickened oral mucosa, leukoplakia, erythroplakia |
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Definition
| late signs of oral cancer |
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Term
| early signs of this type of cancer are rare and its usually diagnosed later |
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Definition
| oropharynx, hypopharynx, supraglottic larynx |
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Term
late signs of
oropharynx, hypopharynx, supraglottic larynx cancer |
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Definition
| hoarseness, change in voice quality, lump |
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Term
small, localized and usually curable
Which cancer stage? |
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Definition
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Term
typically locally advanced and/or have spread to local lymph nodes
Which cancer stage? |
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Definition
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Term
Which cancer stage?
metastatic and considered inoperable |
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Definition
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Term
| care for head and neck cancer |
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Definition
| radiation, surgery, chemo, nutritional therapy |
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Term
| nsg goals with head and neck cancer |
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Definition
| patent airway, no complications from therapy, adequate nutrition, communication ability, accept body image |
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Term
| who is at risk for pneumonia? |
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Definition
| any surgery-thoracic-abdominal especially elderly immunocompromised, DM, obstructive lung disorder, aspiration risk, trach, ventilator, smoker, bedridden, young kids |
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Term
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Definition
| pleurisy, pleural effusion, atelectasis, lung abscess, empyema, pericarditis, arthritis, meningitis, endocarditis |
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Term
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Definition
early-none
mid-night sweats, low grade fever
late-dyspnea unusual, cough, chest soreness |
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Term
| acute exacerbation of TB symptoms |
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Definition
| high fever(above 102) chills, pleuritic pain, cough |
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Term
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Definition
| lots of tiny lesions, chest xray looks like rice, necrotic ghon complexes |
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Term
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Definition
| eat through vessels, invade blood stream, and invade all organs |
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Term
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Definition
| collect sputum samples 3 consecutive mornings, used to dx TB |
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Term
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Definition
| pleural effusion, empyema, TB pneumonia, spread to other organs |
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Term
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Definition
| hypersecretion-more difficult to clear, hyperplasia-more difficult to oxygenate |
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Term
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Definition
small cell (more lethal)20%
non-small cell-80%
oat cell-most lethal |
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Term
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Definition
mid-pneumonitis, cough with sputum, hemoptysis, chest pain, dyspnea
late-anorexia, fatigue, n/v, hoarse voice, unilateral paralysis of diaphragm |
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Term
| closed pneumothorax causes |
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Definition
| spontaneous, mechanicla ventilation. subclavian catheter insertion, perforation of esophagus, rib fracture, COPD(bleb pops) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| lung collapse, mediastinal shift, great vessels compressed, decreased venous return, decreased CO |
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Term
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Definition
| shallow rapid resp, air hunger, absent breath sounds on affected side |
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Term
| tension pneumothorax symptoms |
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Definition
| severe resp distress, tachycardia, hypotension, tracheal shift |
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Term
| treatment for pneumothorax |
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Definition
if small may resolve on its own
open-vented dressing, if stabbed don't remove the object until the dr is there |
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Term
| what does bubbling in the water seal indicate? |
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Definition
early -normal, the air is draining from the pleural space
late-there is a leak
*may be some bubbling with coughing/deep breathing |
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Term
| the suction chamber is bubbling what do you do? |
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Definition
| nothing it should be bubbling |
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