Term
3 components of the respiratory system:
____ - movement of air into and out of lungs
____ - from lungs to blood in the pulmonary capillaries at the alveoli and from blood to lungs in systemic capillaries
____ - consists of O2 utilization and CO2 production in the cells. |
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Definition
Venitlation
gas exchange
mitochondrial respiration |
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Term
____ - any process involved in getting O2 from the atmosphere into the blood and CO2 from the blood into the atmosphere
____- any processes involved in getting O2 from the blood into the mitochondria and using it for ATP synthesis and then getting CO2 back into the blood |
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Definition
External respiration
Internal respiration |
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Term
| Conducting v. respiratory zones of ventilatory system |
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Definition
Conducting: larynx - trachea - primary bronchi - secondary bronchi - tertiary bronchi - smaller bronchi - bronchioles - terminal bronchioles
Respiratory: respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs |
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Term
Where does gas exchange take place?
What is the transition between the conducting and respiratory zones? |
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Definition
alveoli
respiratory bronchioles |
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Term
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Definition
ext & internal intercostals
diaphragm |
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Term
| ____ - potential space between parietal pleura covering the inside of the chest wall and visceral pleura covering the lung; enclosed and not continuous with either the lung or the atmosphere |
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Definition
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Term
____ - pressure in the atmosphere at FRC, typical value?
____ - pressure in the alveoli at FRC, typical value?
____ - pressure in the intrapleural space at FRC, typical value?
____ - pressure inside the lung as compared to outside; pressure across the alveolar wall, typical value? how is it calculated? |
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Definition
atmospheric pressure (Patm) = 760 mmHg
INtra-alveolar pressure (Palv) = 760 mmHg (0 relative to atmosphere)
Intrapleural pressure (Pip) = 756 mmHg (-4 mmHg relative to atmosphere)
Transpulmonary pressure (Ptp) = 4 mmHg (Ptp = Palv - Pip) |
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Term
What condition is described?
If air is introduced into the intrapleural space, the intrapleural pressure becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure and the "vacuum" between the lungs and the chest wall is broken, causing the lunge to collapse. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Boyle's Law and how is it involved in the mechanics of ventilation? |
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Definition
| Pressure and Volume are inversely proportional - when one doubles, the other halves |
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Term
| What is the driving force for ventilation? |
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Definition
the pressure difference between the atmosphere and the alveoli (Patm - P alv)
Atmospheric pressure doesn't change, but alveolar pressure is changed by altering alveolar volume (Boyle's Law)
If atmospheric pressure is > alveolar pressure, air will go into the body. As air goes in, alveolar pressure increases and air stops coming in when Palv = Patm |
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Term
| Lung elasticity depends on two factors: |
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Definition
Elastin fibers in alveolar wall - 1/3 of elasticity
Alveolar surface tension - 2/3 of elasticity |
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Term
___ is the force acting at an air/water interface resultin from water having greater attraction to itself than to air
When water lines the inside of an air filled space (alveolus), the surface tension tends to act in which direction (expansion or collapse)? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does surfactant work and what is respiratory distress syndrome? |
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Definition
Surfactant covers alveolar walls and counteracts the collapsing pressure of the alveolus.
It works in a concentration-dependent manner, so when there is less volume in the alveolus, the surfactant has a stronger effect and keeps it from collapsing. but when there is more volume in the alveolus, the surfactant has less effect and thus the alveolus doesn't explode.
Respiratory distress syndrome - infants born before 7 mos have no surfactant and thus alveoli can collpase |
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Term
The amount of "fresh" air that enters the alveoli each minute
Conduction system makes up 30% of ventilatory system, with resp system the other 70%
On each inspiration, 30 of Tidal Volume (150mL) doesn't make it into the alvoeli... this is called the ____ |
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Definition
Alveolar Ventilation (Va)
Anatomical dead space |
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Term
| If you double breathing frequency without changing minute ventilation, what happens to tidal volume? What happens to % of anatomical dead space? |
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Definition
cuts TV in half
Increases % of dead space
Va= Bf(Tv-Td) |
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Term
| Dead space volume is always ___. The % of dead space changes as you change TV, but the volume of dead space doesn't change |
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Definition
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Term
How are CO2 and O2 exchanged in the capillaries?
As blood moves through the pulmonary capillaries, what happesn to O2 and Co2 level sin the blood? |
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Definition
Diffusion
O2 increases, CO2 decreases |
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Term
| Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures |
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Definition
| The total pressure exerted by a gas mixture on a surface is equal to the sum of the pressures that each gas in the mixture would individually exert |
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Term
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Definition
| The quantity of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of gas above the liquid and its solubility coefficient for the gas in the liquid |
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Term
___: PO2 is lower than normal in tissue
___: PO2 is greater than normal in tissue
___: PO2 is lower than normal in blood
___: PCO2 is lower than normal in blood
___: PCO2 is greater than normal in the blood |
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Definition
Hypoxia
Hyperoxia
Hypoxemia
Hypocapnia
Hypercapnia |
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Term
| The primary ventilatory driving force is systemic arterial and pulmonary venous ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| If you increase CO2 concentraiton, you do what to ventilatory drive? |
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Definition
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Term
| THe primary thing that determins O2 loading on Hb is how much O2 is ?? |
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Definition
how much O2 is dissolved in plasma
If Plasma PO2 is high, then Hb saturation will be high
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Term
| Normal [Hb] in males and females |
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Definition
Females: 120-150 g/Lblood
Males: 130-160 g/Lblood
One gram of Hb 1.34 ml O2 when fully saturated |
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Term
| Factors affecting Hb affinity for O2 |
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Definition
temp of blood
pH of blood (Bohr effect)
PCO2 (carbamino effect)
2,3-BPG |
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Term
| if Hb affinity for O2 decreases, the % saturation curve wil shift... |
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Definition
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Term
| Things that would shift the % saturtion curve right (decreased affinity for O2) |
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Definition
Increased temperature
decreased pH
Increased H+
Increased PCO2
Increasd 2,3 - BPG
ONLY decreased pH, everything else increased |
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