PMN/neutrophil

phagocytize MOs, foreign material, and dead cells

during diapedesis or in nasal passages, throat, colon

eosinophil

release cytotoxic granules to kill invaders

monocyte

develop into macrophages

basophil

release histamine granules at site of infection, increasing blood flow to that area

lymphocyte

include B-cells and T-cells

Develop Abs, distinguish self/non-self, memory responses for specific immune response

Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite

Fecal oral transmission

Fecal smear

Endosome

Amoebic dysentery

Entamoeba mature cyst

Fecal oral

Fecal smear

Nuclueii, chromatoidal bar

Amoebic dysentery

Entamopeba histolytica immature cyst

fecal oral

fecal smear

nucleii, chromatoidal bar

amoebic dysentery

Acanthamoeba troph

free living, aerosal transmission

sputum, respiratory sample

karyosome, pseudopod

GAE - granulomatous amoebic encephalitis

Naegleria fowleri troph

free living, respiratory, olfactory nerve to brain

CSF?

nucleus

PAM - primary amoebic meningioencephalitis

Giardia lamblia cyst

free living, water, fecal-oral, zoonotic (beaver)

fecal sample

nucleii, karyosome/endosome (in nucleii)

Giardiasis (beaver fever)

Giardia lambia troph

free living, fecal oral, water, zoonotic

fecal sample

nucleii, karyosome/endosome?, flagella

giardiasis (beaver fever)

Trichomonas vaginalis troph

STD

vaginal, urethral swab

nucleus, undulating membrane, flagella

trichomoniasis, vulvovaginitis

trophs only, no cysts

Trypanosoma brucei trypomastigote

tsetse fly

blood smear

undulating flagellum, kinetoplast, nucleus

African sleeping sickness

Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigote

Reduviid bug

blood smear, skin scraping

undulating membrane, nucleus, kinetoplast

Chagas disease

amastigote, promastigote, epimastigote

Leishmania (tropica?) - epimastigote?

sandfly

spleen sample, organs samples, skin scraping

kinetoplast, undulating membrane, flagellum

leishmaniasis (kala-azar)

Leishmania amastigotes (in macrophages)

sandfly

skin scrapings, spleen/organ samples

leishmaniasis

Babesia trophs(inside RBC)

Deer tick (Ixodes)

Blood smear

Babesia trophs (in RBC)

Deer tick (Ixodes)

blood smear

Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite

house cat - definitive host 

other vertebrates (inc humans) - intermediate

tissue, fluid samples. (slides from brain)

Taxoplasmosis

oocyst, tachyzoite

Toxoplasma gondi oocyst

cat definitive, human (vertebrates) intermed.

tissues

toxoplasmosis

tachyzoites, oocysts

Pneumocystis carinii cysts (in lung tissue)

repiratory droplet transmission

lung biopsy, sputum?

PCP - plasma-cell pneumonia

cysts, trophs

Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst

infected water, often fruits and vegetables

fecal sample

4 sporozoites inside

Cryptosporidiosis

Plasmodium trophozoite (ring stage)

Anopheles mosquito (definitive host)

blood smear

Malaria

preceding stage - merozoite

next stage - schizont

Plasmodium sporozoite (liver)

Anopholes (determinate)

Liver tissue

Malaria

Preceding stage - Ookinite in mosquito gut

Next stage - Merozoite in liver

Plamodium schizont (contains merozoites)

Anopholes (determinate), human

blood smear

malaria

previous - sporozoite

next - develop into gametocytes or trophozoites (ring form)

Plasmodium gametocyte

Anopholes

blood

malaria

preceding stage - merozoite

next stage - ookinete

Plasmodium oocyst

Anopholes

in mosquito gut

malaria

preceding stage - oocyst

next stage - sporozoites

Taenia solium

Human definitive host, pig intermediate

fecal sample

rostrum, scolex

 cysticercosis

previous stage - cyst (intermediate)

next stage - egg

Taenia pisiformis rostrum

Dog definitive, intermediate?

fecal sample

cysticercosis

previous - cyst

next - egg

Taenia egg

human (determinate),vertebrate 'prey' intermediate

fecal sample

cysticercosis

previous - gravid proglottid

next - larva

Taenia cysticercus

human definitive, 'prey' intermediate

muscle tissue

cysticercosis

previous - larva

next - adult

Clonorchis sinensis

human (definitive), snail and fish (intermediates)

fecal sample, liver tissue?

previous - metacercariae

next - egg

Clonorchis sinensis egg

human (determinate), snails and fish (intermediate)

fecal ample

previous - adult

next - miracidium (infects snail)

Schistosoma

water w/cercariae (from eggs in feces), snail intermediate

fecal sample

previous - adult

next - miracidium (invade snail)

Schistosoma egg

feces in water, snail intermediate

fecal sample

previous - adult

next - miracidium

Schistosoma cercariae

feces in water, snail intermediate

water sample

previous - miracidium

next - juvenile

Schistosoma miracidium

feces in water, snail intermediate

water sample

previous - egg

next - cercariae

Schistosoma adults

feces in water, snail intermediate

intestinal wall

previous - cercariae

next - egg

Trichinella spiralis adult

carnivores and omnivores

muscle biopsy?

Trichinosis

Trichinella spiralis - encysted larvae

carnivores, omnivores

muscle tissue

Trichinosis

Enterobius

ingestion of eggs transferred from anus

perianal sample, visual examination

Enterobius egg

ingestion of eggs from perianal tranfer

Necator americanus eggs

Fecal oral

Fecal sample

previous - adult

next - juveniles (travel to lungs)

Necator americanus adults

fecal - oral

fecal sample

next - eggs

previous - juveniles coughed up from lungs

Wucheria - microfilariae

mosquito

blood smear

elephantiasis/filariasis

previous - adult

next - infective juvenile