Term
| What 3 things does the immune system primarily protect against? |
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Definition
1. pathogens 2. toxins 3. cancer |
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Term
| what are 3 examples of immune system failure? |
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Definition
1. hypersensitivity 2. failure to recogniz an Ag 3. autoimmunity |
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Term
| what type of portal of entry is a needle or a catheter? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 3 parts of non specific immunity? |
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Definition
1. anatomical barriers 2. physiological barriers 3. phagocytic cells |
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Term
| what are the anatomical barriers |
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Definition
|
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Term
| how do mucous membranes act as a defense against microbes |
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Definition
1) wash away cells (often ciliated) 2) high in glycoplipds |
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Term
| how do glycolipids in the mucous membrane act to combat microbes |
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Definition
| microbes bind to these proteins, can't get away. as a result they get high exposure to cell's secretions and can't enter the cell. |
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Term
| what are 3 physiological barriers |
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Definition
1. temperature 2. pH 3. chemicals |
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Term
| whay mo has evolved to tolerate low pH of stomach acid |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| anti microbila chemical in tears |
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Term
| what are 3 phagocytic cells |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| when cell internalizes, destroys, and digests foreign cell |
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Term
| what cells are the 'first responders' to infection |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what is one of the reasons there is fatigue during an inection |
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Definition
| body using energy to make PMN cells |
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Term
| what are 2 morphological characteristics of PMN cells |
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Definition
multi lobed nucleus granules in cytoplasm |
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Term
| how do PMN cells travel in the body |
|
Definition
from bone marrow to circulatory system to tissues |
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Term
| where are PMN cells active agains Antigens? where NOT active? |
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Definition
active in tissues, not in circ system |
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Term
| how do PMN cells get from circ system to tissues |
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Definition
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Term
how does diapedesis occur |
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Definition
| adhesive mechanisms between capillary wall cells relax, allowing blood to flow into tissue |
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Term
| how are PMN cells directed where to go? |
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Definition
| chemotaxis - attracted to released intercellular components of dying cells |
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Term
| what are 3 examples of molecules involved in PMN digestion |
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Definition
enzymes defensins lactoferrin |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins that destroy foreign cells |
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|
Term
how does lactoferrin defend against microbes |
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Definition
| chelates iron, makes it unavailable to microbes |
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Term
| what are 2 microbes capable of avoiding intercellular digestion? how? |
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Definition
Mycobacterium tuberculosis - has mucolic acid cell wall, blocks proteases Listeria monocytogenes - attaches to cytoskeleton, cell won't attack its own cytoskeleton |
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Term
| what are monocytes? how are they distinguished? |
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Definition
phagocytic cells that develop into macrophages have bilobate nucleus and no granules |
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Term
| what are the 2 general types of macrophages |
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Definition
|
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Term
| where would you find fixed macrophages |
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Definition
| spleen, lymph nodes, liver, kidney, brains, lungs |
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Term
| how do PMN cells and monocytes differ |
|
Definition
PMN get their first, leave first macrophages stay much longer, invovled in secondary exposures |
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Term
| what is required for phagocytosis? what are the 2 responses? |
|
Definition
contact required phagosome formed metabolism increased |
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
why is there an increase in metabolism after phagocytosis |
|
Definition
increases NADPH oxidized by NADPH oxidase creates superoxide and hydrogen peroxide |
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Term
| what are the 4 parts of the inflammatory response |
|
Definition
1. Redness 2. Swelling 3. Pain 4. Heat |
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Term
|
Definition
dead PMN cells dead bacteria remnants of digested cells fluid |
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Term
| what are the three primary lymphoid organs? what do they do? |
|
Definition
1. Thymyus (T cell maturation) 2. Bone marrow (B cell development) 3. Bursa of Fabricius These are the sites where differentiation of B cells and T cells occurs. Where these cells develop their specificity |
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Term
|
Definition
| produce antibodies agains soluble antigens |
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Term
| what are the secondary lymphoid organs |
|
Definition
Peyers patch Appendix Tonsils Follicles on membranes Lymph nodes Spleen |
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Term
| what are MALTs? which organs? |
|
Definition
Membrane associated lymphoid tissues Peyers patches Appendix Tonsils Follicles on membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| act as filters, contain high levels of WBC, trap foreign particles |
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Term
| what is the lymphatic system? what does it do? |
|
Definition
interconnected vessels, organs, nodes, vessels, tissues, etc. that link organs and transport lymph fluid 1. removal of excess lymph fluid 2. absorption of fatty acids, transportation of fat to circ sys 3. production of immune cells |
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Term
| what two structure involved in the draining of lymph fluid |
|
Definition
thoracic duct subclavian vein |
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Term
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Definition
| constant region - same genetically for all Igs of the same class but differ between classes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| variable region, diff between diff B.cells. controlled by variable expression of genes |
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|
Term
| what 2 regions divided at the hinge region? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| which Ig most prevalent in serum |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| which is the secretory Ig |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| which Ig invovled in hypersensitivity reactions |
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Definition
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|
Term
| which Igs can cross placenta |
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Definition
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|
Term
| which Ig can exist as pentamer |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| which Igs activate complement |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| which Igs bind to Fc receptors |
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Definition
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|
Term
what Ig is the first to respond? which second? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| which Ig neutralizes toxins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the minimum antigen size |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when antigens bind to B cells |
|
Definition
antibody production memory response |
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|
Term
| what happens when antigen attaches to T cell |
|
Definition
effector T cells activated get memory T cells |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| specific antibody binding site on and antigen |
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Term
| how do adjuvants increase immunogenicity of an antigen |
|
Definition
1. can bind to many Ags at once and place them at appropriate dist. for Ab sites 2. can change solubility of Ag to increase its persistence |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ag that causes B or T cells to divide at inappropriate rate. 'super antigen' |
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|
Term
| where are MHC genes found in humans |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| which MHC found on surface of almost every nucleated cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what MHC associated with Ag presenting cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which MHC is not attached to cells, is a soluble protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are 3 examples of MHC class III proteins |
|
Definition
1. serum proteins 2. complement factors 3. tumor necrosis factor |
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|
Term
| what cells don't have MHC |
|
Definition
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