Term
| How early was television an actual possiblity? |
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Definition
| 1923 was the earliest television was an actual possibility. 1948 only 1% had a TV set. 1943 more than 50% had a TV, and 1960 had more than 90% had a TV |
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Term
| Who was Vlandimir Zworykin? What was his contribution to television? |
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Definition
| Worked for Westinghouse when he developed the iconoscope, an all-electronic TV camera tube system which transformed a visual image into radio waves, transmitting them through air, and reconstructing them in a receiver set. |
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Term
| Who was Philo T. Farnsworth? What was his contribution to television? |
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Definition
At the age of 16 patented an electronic image dissector tube (now known as the cathode ray tube). This produced a much clearer picture than Nipkow's mechanical scanning device.
1927 - transmitted the first TV picture electonically on the air. The image was $. |
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Term
| Who are Sarnoff and Paley? What is their relationship to television? |
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Definition
Television's biggest promoter.
Paley was the head of CBS. They saw an opportunity to diminish the sponsor's role, therefore they hired Weaver ad President of NBC. |
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Term
| When did the expansion of television explode? Why? |
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Definition
| Prior to WWII there were 10 television stations. By 1948, there were 100 stations. Some cities had several television stations, others had none. Too many applications for stations meant current standards were not sufficient to meet demand. After WWII |
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Term
| Why did the FCC freeze television in 1948? |
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Definition
| FCC declared a freeze on any new licenses between 1948-1952. During this time they redid the standards, set the industry standdard for color, co-channel interference (every other channel), need to reserve space for high definition tevelvision. |
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Term
| What happened wh the FCC's Sixth Report and Order was enacted? |
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Definition
| (1952) Added UHF (Ultra High Frequancy) in other words everything above channel 13. Banned (70 new channels) channels 14-82. Channels 70-82 were later reassigned by the FCC. 66% of all allocated channels were on UHF. They could only have 4-5 tops on VHF. |
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Term
| What does UHF and VHF stand for? What were the problems with UHF signals vs. VHF? How were the problems corrected? |
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Definition
Ultra High Frequency: much weaker than VHF, UHF transmitters required more power, = more $$, no UHF tuners in the home (had to buy separate tuners.) Very High Frequency: Television sets MUST have both VHF and UHF tuners on the set, some manufacturers put in really bad tuners, UHF tuners must be comparable to VHF tuners, VHF clicked in, UHF tuned in like a radio dial; then rabbit ears were important. |
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Term
| What is a television network? Why have networks? |
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Definition
| An organization that distributes programs to its stations so that program can be broadcast and the same time. |
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Term
| Why do we have local television stations? What is the rationale for broadcasting in this manner? |
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Definition
| American Ideology and geography. American broadcasting is set to serve the local community! Local stations are the retail outlet "for the distribution of information and entertainment." The trend with deregulation is reversing the ideal even though large companies still claim this community feel. |
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Term
| Who are the customers of broadcasting? |
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Definition
| First is the Advertisers then the consumers. |
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Term
| What happened with the rise and fall of quiz shows? |
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Definition
| The game shows were feeding the contestants the right answers. |
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Term
| How did sponsorships of programs collapse? Who was responsible for changing program formats? |
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Definition
| a. 1953: Sarnoff appointed Weaver president of NBC who undermined his former profession by increasing program length from fifteen minutes to thirty minutes or longer, substantially raising program costs for advertisers and discouraging some from sponsoring programs b. Two new types of programs i. Magazine format 1. Featured multiple segments ii. TV spectacular c. Tonight show & Today show i. Both aired daily rather than weekly, studio costs were prohibitive for a single sponsor ii.NBC offered spot ads within the shows 1.Advertisers paid the network for 30 or 60 second time slots 2.The network, not the sponsor, now produced and owned the programs or bought them from independent producers |
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Term
| What does CATV stand for? |
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Definition
| Community Antenna Television. |
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Term
| Why was cable TV inverted? |
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Definition
| For the small towns that were surrounded by tall buildings and the mountains. |
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Term
| Why was cable's growth so slow? Who was responsible? Why? |
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Definition
| Technical and regulatory limits. |
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Term
| What is narrowcasting? What is erosion? |
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Definition
| Specialized programming for diverse and fragmented groups. One of the ways cable televisions were successful - because of finding and catering to the needs of a niche audience with specific interest. Erosion is less and less people watching. |
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Term
| What is a superstation? Who created the term? |
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Definition
| Ted Turner - Independent TV stations uplinked to satellite. |
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Term
| Read the case study: ESPN: Sports and Stories. What is the gist of this article? |
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Definition
| That sports are just like TV shows. ESPN started out as one channel and now has a bunch. |
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Term
| What is a kinescope? Why was it used? |
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Definition
| A way to preserve live broadcast. Recorded a live TV show off a studio monitor. Because more than one channel can show a show. |
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Term
| Why does a station want to be a network affiliate? |
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Definition
80% of all TV stations are affiliated with a network. Why?
Increased profits, prestige, structured schedule of network programs, compensation, less than 5% of gross revenues (but it's better than paying!) |
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Term
| What's the difference between sketch, sitcom, and a domestic comedy? |
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Definition
| Sketch - short comedy skits. Sitcom - features a reoccurring cast. Each episode established a narrative station, complicates it and develops increasing confusion. Domestic - characters and settings are usually more important than complicated predicaments. |
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Term
| What helped independent stations grow in the 80's and the 90's? |
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Definition
| Any stations not affiliated with a big four network. Independents really grew in the 80's from 100 in 1979 to 339 by 1989. Through the 1990's to present, especially since 1996, Independents have sold out to burgeoning networks like UPN and WB. There are only 77 now. |
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Term
| What phenomenon was responsible for the growth of cable? |
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Definition
| Secondary affiliations with smaller conglomerates, FOX, WB, UPN |
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Term
| How important is audience size between network and cable channels? |
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Definition
| Size is relative!! If the psychographics are correct, a small audience is fine! |
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Term
| What's the different between a rating and a share? How are they calculated? |
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Definition
| Share is bigger than rating! |
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Term
| What are some of the contemporary trends in Network News and CNN? |
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Definition
a. Offers viewers information and stories in a 24/7 loop
b. Daily opinion programs such as MSNBC’s Rachel Maddow Show often celebrate argument, opinion, and speculation over traditional reporting based on verified facts
c. Satirical “fake news” programs like the Daily Show and The Colbert Report present a challenge to traditional news outlets by discussing the news in larger contexts, something traditional daily broadcast may not do.
d. Updates on news sites |
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Term
| What does it mean when a show is stripped? |
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Definition
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Term
| What trend did you see in the TV top 10 ratings from 2001, before and after 9/11? |
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Definition
| There were more shows about family and crime solving. Decreased after 9/11 |
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Term
| What sort of trend do you see in today's TV's ratings? |
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Definition
| Reality shows and game shows |
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Term
| What is fin-syn? What are must-carry rules? |
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Definition
| Fin-syn - financial interest and syndication rules, which banned the networks from reaping profits from program syndication. "Must Carry" rules state that cable stations must provide the local channels. |
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Term
| What is the difference between first-run and off-network syndication? |
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Definition
| Programs originally designed for sydication, a growth market: talk shows, games shows, actionm court dramas VS. Programs that originally aired during Primetime, typically programming is Stripped, M-F at the same time 5 days/week, 1/2 hour more likely than hour programs. |
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Term
| What role has PBS played in our culture and democracy? What are their struggles? |
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Definition
| More educaitonal. They are struggling to keep viewers because of new technology. |
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Term
| What was the orginal 4th network? |
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Definition
| Du-Mont was the 4th network. |
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Term
| What impact has the Telecommunication Act of 1996 had on the television and cable industry? |
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Definition
| Brought cable under federal regulation. Knock down regulatory barriers, allowing regional phone companies, long-distance carrier es, and cable companies to enter one another's market. This allows cable companies to offer telephone services, and it permits phone companies to offer Internet services. Congress hoped that the new rules would spur competition and lower both phone and cable rates. |
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Term
| What two cable channels highly changed our cultural landscape? |
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Definition
| Comcast and Time Warner Cable |
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Term
| What is Public Relations? How is PR different from journalism? |
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Definition
| The total communication strategy conducted by a person, gov't, or an organization attempting to reach and persuade an audience to adopt a point of view. Journalists need to take a Press Release and find a new spin. This doesn't happen though. |
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Term
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Definition
| Those who sought to advance a client's image through media exposure, primarily via stunts staged for newspapers. |
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Term
| Who was P.T. Barnum and why was he important to Public Relations? |
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Definition
| He used exaggeration, fraudulent stories, and staged events to secure newspaper coverage for his clients. He knew the readers liked to be tricked so he tricked them. |
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Term
| Who is credited wit the Birth of Modern Public Relations? Why? What did he change about representing big business? |
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Definition
| Ivy Ledbetter Lee was responsible. He conseled his corporate clients to be honest and direct then deceptive practices. He wanted people to be more direct and have facts. He also wanted the businesses to be open. |
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Term
| What is the difference between PR agencies and in-hours PR services? Why would a company choose one over the other? |
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Definition
| PR agencies - sole job is to provide clients with PR services. In-House PR - handles routine tasks, ex writing releases, managing media, dealing with internal and external public. |
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Term
| What does 'performing PR' mean? |
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Definition
PR involves providing a multitude of services, including publicity communication, public affairs, issues management, and gov.t relations.
Three ways to convey messages: I) Done through press releases II) Video News (VNRs) III) Public Service Announcements (PSAs) |
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Term
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Definition
| Communication strategically placed, either as advertising or as publicity to gain public support for a special issue, program, or policy. |
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Term
| What is a press release? VNR? PSA? |
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Definition
| New release, announcements written in the style of news reports that give new information to the media. VNR (New Video Release) - 39 second visual press releases designed to mimic the style of a broadcast news report. PSA (Public Service Announcement) - 50-60 second audio or video reports that promote government programs, edu. programs, volunteer agencies or social reform. |
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Term
Read the Case Study: Video News Releases: Manufacturing the News. What's the thesis?
Updated Case Study: Social Media Transfrom the Press Release |
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Definition
| How a press release is designed says a lot about how the message will be delt with. Press releases are constantly changing to keep up with socail media, |
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Term
| What is the difference between a 'special event' and a 'pseudo-event'? |
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Definition
| To raise the profile of corporate, organizational, or government clients. Any circumstance created for the sole purpose of gaining coverage in the media. |
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Term
| How do PR and communities co-exist? What's the difference between a community and a consumer for a PR firm? |
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Definition
| Close ties with the communities and neighbors only enhance their image and attracts consumers. In the community PR firm usually participate in community activities, make donations to charities, get involved in events, and donate equipment. PR firm for the consumer wants companies to pay more attention to consumers. To establish product service and safety guarantees, etc.. |
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Term
| What is the government's relation to PR? What is lobbying? What is Astroturf Lobbying? |
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Definition
| Government relation to PR is to monitor existing legislation, create opportunities to ensure favorable publicity, and write press releases to public about the pros and cons of each new regulation. Lobbying - the process of attempting to influence lawmakers to support and vote for an organization or industry best interest. Astroturf Lobbying - a phony grassroots public affairs campaigns engineered by PR firms. |
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Term
| Read Examining Ethics: What Does it Mean to be Green? What's the main thesis of this article? |
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Definition
| The term "green" as a synonym for being environmentally conscious were inspired by Greenpeace, the international environmental conservation organization founded in 1971. There are more than 8,700 corporations in 130 nations belonging to the United Nations Global Compact. |
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Term
| How has the PR industry adapted to the internet age? |
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Definition
| Industries can upload and maintain their media kits, giving the traditional media access to the information at any time. |
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Term
| How is PR handled during a crisis? |
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Definition
| They want to do a quick response to the situation. |
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Term
| What are some of the tensions between PR people and the Press? Know the elements of professional friction. |
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Definition
Flacks - PR people who insert themselves between their clients and the press.
Undermining Facts and Blocking Access, Promoting Publicity and Business as News, |
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Term
| What is the PRSA Member Statement of Professional Values? Why do they have them? What are some of those values? |
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Definition
| Advocacy - we serve the public interest by acting as responsible advocates for those we represent. Honesty - we adhere to the highest standards of accuracy and truth in advancing the interests of those we prepresent. Expertise - we acquire and responsibly use specialized knowledge and experience. Independence - we provide objective counsel to those we represent. Loyalty - we are faithful to those we represent, while honoring our obligation to serve the public interest. Fairness - we deal fairly with clients, employers, competitors, press vendors, the media and the general public. |
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Term
| Who watches PR? Why is this important? |
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Definition
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Term
| How has PR affected democracy in the U.S.? |
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Definition
| PR's most significant impact may be on the political process, especially when organizations hire spin doctors to favorably shape or reshape a candidate's media image. As far as democracy, the information crush delivered by PR is at its height during national election campaigns. |
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Term
| What is news? What is Journalism? |
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Definition
| News - the process of gathering information and making narrative reports (edited by individuals for news organizations) that offer selected frames of reference; within those frames, news helps public make sense of important events, political issues, cultural trends, prominent people, and unusal happenings in everyday life. Journalism - the activity or profession of writing for newspapers or magazines or of broadcasting news on radio or television. |
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Term
| Who is Nelly Bly? Why is she important to Journalism? |
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Definition
| Elizabeth "Pink" Cochrance. "Unladylike" for female journalists to use thier real names. She purposely made herself "crazy" to be admitted to the Woman's Lunatic Asylum to find out the conditions of the asylum. She exposed a variety of shady scam artists, corrupt politicians and lobbyists, and unscrupulous business practices. Detective or stunt journalsim. |
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Term
| What is neutrality? News bias? Can a reporter ever get rid of it? |
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Definition
| General belief that journalists should present news from neutral standpoint. Medica claims for balance. Balance is problmeatic. All news is bias. News is selective storytelling, not objective science. |
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Term
| What are Herbert Gans' enduring values of journalism? |
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Definition
Socialist that offers four subjective beliefs that shape news judgements:
I) Ethnocentrism - "Ours (culture) is the best."
II) Responsibe capitalism - Business is everything. Buisness is not always responsible.
III) Small-town pastoralism - values of America.
IV) Individualism - if you give something a face, people will care more. |
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Term
| What is the difference between, fact, value and bias? |
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Definition
Facts - objective positions
Values - subjective positions
bias - one sided opinion |
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Term
| Read Case Study: Bias in the News. What is the main gist of this article? |
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Definition
| There is always bias in the news. All news is bias. |
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Term
| What are some of the ethical challenges that journalists could possibly face? |
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Definition
Deploying deception - is truth the only goal?
Invading privacy - microphone is the face of the bereaved, going through someone's trash
Conflict of Interest - any situation where a journalist may stand to benefit personally from the story he or she produces. |
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Term
| Be able to recognize the priorities of the Journalist's Code of Ethics. |
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Definition
| 1) Seek Truth and Report It 2) Minimize Harm 3) Act Independently (Need to be extremely accurate) 4) Be Accountable |
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Term
| Who are the four ethical theorists discussed in your book and what are their theoretical positions that we examine an ethical situation? |
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Definition
I) Aristotle - offered the "golden mean" a guideline for seeing balance between competing positons.
II) Immanuel Kant - "categorical imperative" idea that society must adhere to moral codes that are universal and unconditional, applicable in all situations at all times.
III) & IV) Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill- "the greatest good for the greatest number" |
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Term
| What is herd or pack journalism? |
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Definition
| When reporters stake out a house, chase celebrities in packs, or follow a story in such herds that the entire profession comes under attack for invading people's privacy, exploiting their personal problems, or just plain geeting the story wrong. |
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Term
| Which theory of the press does the American journalistic system work under? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is public journalism? What are the pros and cons of public journalism? |
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Definition
A type of journalism, driven by by citizen forums, that goes beyond telling the news to embrace a boarder mission improving the quality of public life; also called civic journalism.
- Tenets of public jorunalism
- news acepts broader mission of improving public life.
- no longer detached
- suggests policy alternatives
- recasts public as actors alive in the process.
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Term
| What does being "the fourth estate" mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes a story newsworthy? |
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Definition
Information most worthy of tranformation into news stories - has evolved.
Timeliness, conflict, prominence, human interest, consequence, usefulness, deviant (the bizarre). |
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Term
| What's the difference between hard news and soft news? |
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Definition
Hard News - News that deals with serious topics or events.
Soft News - News that does not deal with serious topics or events. |
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Term
| What does it mean to 'rely on experts'? What are some of the criticisms associated with the "pool" of experts journalists use? |
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Definition
| With their acces to experts, reporters transform specialized and insider knowledge into everyay commonsense language of news stories. Critics contend that these practices erode the credibility of the profession by blending journalism with celebrity culture and commercialism. |
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Term
| What is conflict in relation to storytelling? Why is it important to understand this? |
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Definition
| For most journalists, balance means presenting all sides of an issue without appearing to favor any one position. The claim for balanced stories, like the claim for neutrality, disguises journalism's narrative function. This is important because trying to maintain the balance is not always an easy task. |
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Term
| What is the difference between print and television news? |
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Definition
| TV's journalism's origins in print - Edward R. Murrow. TV' driven by its technology - creditability based on live, up-to-the-minute broadcasts, the image is everything. Soud bite news - broadcast format forces compression. |
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Term
| How has journalism adapted to the internet age, or not? What are the issues there? |
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Definition
| Most people tuned to their local and national news late in the afternoon or evening on a typical weekday. But today, the 24/7 news cycle means that we can get TV news anytime, day or night, and constant new content has led to major changes in what is considered news. |
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Term
| What is a sound bite? Pretty face? Happy talk? |
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Definition
| Sound Bite - in TV journalism, the equivalent of a quote in print; the part of a news report in which an expert, a celebrity, a victum, or a person on the street is interviews about some aspect of an event or issue. Pretty Face - TV journalists face discrimination based on appearance. HAPPY TALK - Ad-libbed or scripted banter between anchors and reporters before and after news reports. |
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Term
| What does the power or prominence of the visual mean? Why is it important to understand the power of the visual when dealing with news? |
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Definition
| The story with the stronger visual image will have a longer showing time. |
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Term
| What is fake news and satiric journalism? How has it affected our culture? |
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Definition
Appeals to many cynical young people. Critiquies the unmaginative quality of traditional news stories - The Daily Show and The Colbert Report.
- "There's no journalist today, real or fake, who is more significiant for people 18 to 25." - Seth Siegel, advertising and branding consultant, on Jon Stewart.
- "Neither journalism nor public life will move forward until we actually rethink, redescribe, and reinterpret what journalism is; not the science of information of our culture but its poetry and conversation." - James Carey, Kettering Review, 1992.
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Term
| What does the 1st amendment do? Why is it important to the press in the U.S.? |
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Definition
| Freedom of Speech. This is important to the press in the U.S. because the press can write what ever they want. Americans have the right to speak their mind and not have the fear of being punished for it. |
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Term
| What makes democratic participation possible? |
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Definition
| Journalism is central to democracy: both citizens and the media must have access to the information that we need to make important decisions. Conventional journalists will fight ferociously for the principles that underpin journalism's basic tenets - questioning the government, freedom of the press, the public's right to know, and two sides to every story. |
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Term
| Read Global Village: What is the gist of this article? Why is important for us to understand China? |
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Definition
Why Isn't Al Jazeera English on More U.S. TV Systems?
If we can understand other people's news programs we can tailor ours to make it seem as though we have it better here in America. |
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Term
| What is deliberative democracy? Why is it important? |
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Definition
| According to advocates of public journalism, when reporters are chiefly concerned with maintaining their antagonistic relationship to politics and are less willing to improve political discourse, news and democracy suffer. |
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Term
| Read Examining Ethics: Reporting Violence on Campus. |
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Definition
WikiLeaks, Secret Documents, and Good Journalism?
Some argue that WikiLeaks is a good site inorder for people to gather information that is out there. Others argue that this website is going against the government and those documents should not be available to the public. |
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Term
| Why is Edward Bernays important to PR? |
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Definition
| Was related to Sigmund Freud. Known as the father of modern PR. A social Sicentist. Taught the first class in PR in 1923. |
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