Term
Smoking
(why it causes atherosclerosis) |
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Definition
-increase lipoprotein production
-increase vasoconstriction
-increase plasma fibrinogen concentration (platelet aggregation, which causes blood clot) |
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Term
Hypertension
(why is causes atherosclerosis) |
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Definition
-high shear force cause mechanical damage, it activates the platelets and coagulation process
-causes smooth muscle hypertrophy (thickening of the medial layer) |
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Term
Diabetes
(why it causes atherosclerosis) |
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Definition
| -increases glucose level in the plasma-this increases the glycosylation of proteins, which activates hemostasis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Complications of Atherosclerosis |
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Definition
*acute occlusion of the atery
-M.I. -stroke
-gangrene of intestine or lower
extremity (no blood supply)
*chronic narrowing of lumen of artery
-reduced blood flow -aneurysm
-atrophy of that organ
-embolism |
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Term
|
Definition
| low blood supply to cardiac muscles |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
*reproducible chest pain caused by increased physical or emotional excitment
*relieved by rest or vasodilation |
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Term
|
Definition
| begins to burn the nerve endings in muscles, causing pain |
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Term
|
Definition
| chest pain with progressively less effort, often at rest, prolonged duration |
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Term
|
Definition
*the whole process of ischemia, necrosis, and inflammation of surrounding tissue
*cardiac muscles dies because of lack of oxygen |
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Term
| Clinical Symptoms of Heart Attack |
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Definition
-squeezing chest pain
-pain radiated up to left shoulder, down left arm (also in neck, back, jaw)
-nausea/vomiting (in some people)
-shortness of breath
-sweating |
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Term
| People with M.I. have History of: |
|
Definition
-high blood pressure
-smoking
-overweight
-hereditary predisposition |
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Term
|
Definition
-physical examination
-EKG-electro cardial gram
-increased troponins(key enzyme,specific for cardiac muscles) |
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Term
|
Definition
-vascular spasm(from some drugs-cocaine)
-emboli
-very low blood pressure
-trauma to coronary artery (accident-knife, bullet) |
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Term
|
Definition
affects the full thickness of the myocardium in the territory supplied by specific artery
*90% of M.I. cases |
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Term
| Subendocardial Infarction |
|
Definition
affects the inner half of the full circumference of the ventricular myocardium
*10% of M.I. cases |
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Term
|
Definition
| take a portion of the occluded artery, remove it, and replace with synthetic portion, portion of leg vein, or a catheter with a balloon |
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Term
| Prevention and Treatment of M.I. |
|
Definition
*bypass surgery
*balloon catheter
*low aspirin
*streptokinase-don't use anymore
*tPA (tissue plasminogen activator)-enzyme
*Nitrate-keeps vessels dilated |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
*immediate death
*arrythmia
*thrombus with embolism
*chronic pump failure
*ventricular aneurysm formation
*rupture of necrotic myocardium |
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Term
|
Definition
| not able to deliver blood to nails, fingers, heart, etc |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| stroke volume x heart rate |
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Term
| Determinants of Blood Pressure |
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Definition
1-cardiac output
2-Peripheral Resistance to Blood Flow |
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Term
| Complications of Untreated HBP |
|
Definition
1-arterial wall hypertrophy
2-decreases the lumen
3-increases the atheroma
4-stroke
5-heart attack
6-heart failure
8-blindness
9-renal failure |
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Term
|
Definition
1-reduce the pressure to normal level
2-minimum dose of anti-hypertension (drugs) |
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Term
| Non-Pharmacological Solutions |
|
Definition
1-weight loss
2-less salt intake
3-moderate exercise
4-stop smoking
5-treat diabetes
6-lower your cholesterol
7-secondary HBP (due to kidney) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
block calcium ions influx into cells, smooth muscles of arteries
*wont cause constriction of blood vessels |
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Term
|
Definition
should be drug of choice to lower BP
*negative feedback system |
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