True/False.  

In stuttering, a secondary behavior is the actual stuttering (repetitions, prolongations, blocks)

FALSE

Which of these is not a secondary behavior?

a. Eye blinks

b. Stomping

c. Prolongations

d. Verbal concomitants

C. PROLONGATIONS

Can stuttering be cured? Explain.

No.

-A stutterer may go to therapy and learn strategies to get out of the stuttering moment, but no matter how good the stutterer gets at using these strategies, he/she will always be a stutterer.

What is the difference between FEELINGS and ATTITUDES of stuttering?

-Feelings are immediate emotional reactions that include fear, shame and embarrassment.

-Attitudes form over time after repeated negative experiences associated with stuttering, for example: A stutterer believing that he/she is stupid because he/she stutters.

True/False.

Incidence and prevalence both refer to the number of people who currently stutter.

FALSE

Consistency and adaptation are expected in stuttering. The differences between them are:

a. consistency means the frequency of stutters decreases after rereading several times/ adaptation means stuttering on the same words upon rereading

b. consistency means stuttering on the same words upon rereading/adaptation means the frequency of stutters decreases after rereading several times.

c. consistency and adaptation are the same thing.

d. consistency means stuttering on the same words upon rereading/adaptation means being able to predict the words that will be stuttered during reading.

b. consistency means stuttering on the same words upon rereading/adaptation means the frequency of stutters decreases after rereading several times.

List 2 situations when we could predict that stuttering would be decreased.

1. while listening to delayed auditory feedback

2. when in unison with another speaker

When there is stuttering in the family history, we can say that the stutterer was _____________ to stuttering.

Predisposed

True/False.

Feelings and attitudes always precipitate stutters.

FALSE

•  
  • Frustration
  • Shame
  • Fear of stuttering again
  • Guilt about not being able to help himself
  • Hostility toward listeners
  • Embarrassment

What is the most commonly reported age range for the onset of stuttering?

B. between 2-5 years old

Stuttering is not a disorder of just making sounds, but is a problem related to using____________  _____________ to _______________.

spoken language to communicate.

Some possible congenital factors that may cause stutteringinclude all of the following EXCEPT:

1. Physical trauma at birth
2. Cerebral palsy
3. Hearing loss
4. Retardation

C. Hearing loss

transitory;  persistent

True/False.

Brain imaging studies show significant differences among a stutterers vs a nonstutterers brain, therefore yielding the cause of stuttering.

FALSE

 ______________ studies confirmed that genes must interact with environmental factors in order for stuttering to appear. 

Adoption and/or Twin

List two factors that are associated with natural recovery from stuttering:

• Being a girl
• Early age of onset
• Family history
• Good scores on phonology, language and  nonverbal skills tests

-Non-stutterer brain:

• Left hemisphere dominance for speech and language

-Stutterer brain:

• Right hemisphere over activation of speech and language areas  homologous to left hemisphere speech and language areas
• Less dense fiber tracts connecting speech areas
• deactivation in left auditory cortex

Stutterers are slower, less accurate, and less left hemisphere dominant when performing _____________________ and ______________________ motor tasks.

sequential and auditory

True/False.

According to acoustic studies, stutterers have longer vowel durations, delayed onsets of voicing after voiceless consonants and slower transitions between consonants and vowels.      

TRUE

List the 3 processing stages of reaction time and briefly describe each:

• Sensory Analysis: hears the signal, sees the image, and senses the position of speech structures
• Response Planning: chooses the word to say; selects phonemes and muscles to use
• Response Execution: activates muscle in proper sequence to say the word

True/False.

Early childhood stuttering may be persistent if the child continues to stutter at 2 years old or more. 

FALSE- 3 years or more

Do not; autonomic

What could anomalies in the auditory cortex affect?

Fluency of speech production and the accuracy of speech perception

True/False.

Avoidance conditioning can increase the frequency of escape behaviors.

FALSE-Operant conditioning

• Avoidance Conditioning
• Classical Conditioning
• Operant Conditioning

diagnosogenic

Name three characteristics of parents' speech that may influence stuttering:

• speaking at fast rate
• interrupting their children
• use language that is too complex for the child
• demanding and perfectionist

True/False.

There is clear evidence that parents of children who stutter use fast speech rate, ask more questions, interrupt more, and use more longer and complex utterances than parents of non-stuttering children.

FALSE- There is NO clear evidence

______________ may provide more “functional cerebral space,” that supports fluency.

Neurological maturation

True/False.

Excitement is commonly mentioned as a stimulus that elicits disfluency. 

TRUE

__________ may be related to neural resilience allowing recovery from stuttering.

1. Cognition level
2. Environment factors
3. Biological factors
4. Both B and C

a. Cognition level

List three stressful life events that may trigger a child's stuttering:

• Parent's divorce
• Family member dies
• Moving to a new house
• Birth of a sibling

Which type of conditioning may cause stuttering to spread to many different contexts and to be consistently present rather than episodic.

a. Operant

b. Classical

c. Avoidance

d. None of the above

b. Classical

Which are the most common deficits seen in stutters?

a. Articulation errors

b. Phonological errors

c. Both A and B

d. None of the above

c. Both A and B

_____________created the diagnosogenic theory.

Wendell Johnson

1.Which theory suggests that a child may develop stuttering as a result of negative anticipation of speaking after he has had frustrating or embarrassing experiences in communicating?

a. Capacity and demand theory

b. Anticipatory struggle theory

c. Diagnosogenic theory

b. Anticipatory struggle theory

True/False.

Normal disfluencies criticized by significant listeners may not make some children believe that speaking is difficult.

FALSE- Normal disfluencies criticized by significant listeners may make some children believe that speaking is difficult.

True/False.

The view that stuttering is a result of physiological tremor focuses on a dysfunction of cortical and subcortical mechanisms that control the planning and production of speech and language.

FALSE- The view that stuttering is a result of physiological tremor focuses on a neuromuscular malfunction.

______________________________ theory states that stuttering arises when the child’s capacities for rapid, fluent utterances are unequal to the demands within the child himself or within the environment. 

Capacities and Demands

1.Which behavior/s characterize secondary stuttering?

a. Escape

b. Tension

c. Avoidance

d. All of the above

e. All except a

d. All of the above

True/False.

 A child having a difficult or traumatic experience reading aloud in school may generate stuttering.

TRUE

___________________ and ___________________ are frequently the first signs of primary stuttering

repetitions, prolongations

True/False.

Some individuals will have an earlier maturation of the brain or a natural flexibility to respond to anomalies in the wiring for spoken language.

TRUE

more

The signs or primary stuttering are thought to be the results of a constitutional factor, a ______________________ at some level of speech and language production process.

a. Struggle

b. Dyssynchrony

c. Predisposition

d. Reactive temperament

b. Dyssynchrony

True/ False.

Boys have an inherently greater organizational plasticity and more widely distributed language centers.

FALSE- Girls have an inherently greater organizational plasticity.

A reactive temperament triggers a defense response from the _______________________ and makes the individual more emotionally conditionable than the average speaker.

Behavioral Inhibition System

List the 5 developmental/treatment levels of stuttering and the ages they are associated with:

·         Normal disfluency                         1.5 – 6 yrs

·         Borderline stuttering                   1.5 – 6 yrs

·         Beginning stuttering                        2 – 8 yrs

·         Intermediate stuttering               6 – 13 yrs

·         Advanced stuttering                  14 yrs and above

List the 3 core behaviors and the 2 secondary behaviors of stuttering.

• Core: petitions, prolongations, and blocks

• Secondary: escapes and avoidances

A borderline stutterer exhibits a ___________ amount of disfluency than normal children.

Greater

True/False.

Part-word repetitions, phrase repetitions, interjections, prolongations, and tense pauses are categories of normal disfluency.

TRUE

True/False.

A beginning stutterer does not appear to be sensitive to stress and does not feel frustrated when speaking.

FALSE- because a beginner stutterer, unlike a borderline stutterer, does feel these things

What are some influences that may cause normal disfluency to increase?

1.  
   1. Periods of excitement, escape behaviors, and repetitions
   2. Development of language, episodic stress, and periods of excitement
   3. Pragmatics, periods of excitement and prolongations
   4. None of the above

b. Development of language, episodic stress, and periods of excitement

Which is not one of the 3 characteristics that differentiate normal disfluency from stuttering?

1.  
   1. The cause of the disfluency
   2. The amount of the disfluency
   3. The type of the disfluency
   4. The number of units of repetitions and prolongations

a. The cause of the disfluency

True/False.

The last developmental/treatment level, advanced stuttering, is characterized more by the age of a stutterer than by the differences in stuttering pattern or underlying processes.

TRUE

True/False.

Treatment at the advanced level does not differ much from the treatment of younger stutterers.

FALSE– it differs greatly because the client can take much of the responsibility for therapy, including substantial work outside the clinic.

Fear

Blocks

What is the secondary behavior that is seen in intermediate and advanced stuttering but was not present in beginning or borderline stutterering?

a. Eye blinks

b. Blocks

c. Avoidance behaviors

d. Escape behaviors

c. Avoidance behaviors

Durations

Frequency

The most important measure(s) of how much stuttering calls attention to itself and distracts listeners is/are the:

a. Severity of secondary/concomitant behaviors

b. Frequency of stuttering

c. Duration of stuttering

d. Both A and B

d. Both A and B

Which of the following behaviors are not counted as a stutter:

A) Part-word repetitions

B) Multisyllable whole-word repetitions

C) Single-syllable whole-word repetitions

D) Prolongations

E) Blocks

B) Multisyllable whole-word repetitions

True/False.

A multi-dimensional view of stuttering is gathered by measuring the core and secondary behaviors.

FALSE- A multi-dimensional view of stuttering is gathered by measuring the core and secondary behaviors, as well as the emotions/feelings and attitudes associated with stuttering.

True/False.

The Stuttering Severity Instrument combines an assessment of the frequency of stuttering, the mean duration of the three longest stutters, the different types of disfluencies, and the physical concomitants accompanying stuttering.

FALSE- The Stuttering Severity Instrument combines an assessment of the frequency of stuttering, the mean duration of the three longest stutters, and the physical concomitants accompanying stuttering.

True/False.

Speech naturalness is not a subjective observation, but can be reliably and easily assessed.

TRUE

When administering a stuttering assessment, which of the following speech samples is always gathered?

A) Narration

B) A telephone conversation

C) Reading

D) Spontaneous/conversational speech

D) Spontaneous/conversational speech

True/False.

“Percent error” is appropriate when it is important to judge whether stuttering is present or absent on each syllable.

FALSE- “point-by-point agreement”

Of the 5 aspects of stuttering that should be assessed in an evaluation, which is the most clinically relevant assessment of overt stuttering behaviors?

A. Frequency

B. Types of stutters

C.  Severity

D.  Secondary behaviors

E.  Duration

C.  Severity

True/False.

It is recommended to obtain several speech samples from a child when assessing stuttering, but obtaining one speech sample from an adult is sufficient when assessing stuttering.

FALSE- several speech samples should be obtained for ALL stuttering individuals