Term
| What is the equation for energy expenditure? |
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Definition
Energy expenditure = activity + BMR
Typically activity adds 20 to 100% to the BMR |
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Term
| What is the equation for activity? |
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Definition
| Activity = purposeful activity + health and fitness activity + NEAT |
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Term
| What does purposeful activity consist of and what factors affect it? |
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Definition
-involves whole body movement (not trying to workout, ie - walking instead of taking the bus)
factors that affect it:
body mass - req more E for higher people
fitness - fit person uses less E
activity and level of lifestyle - increases; most influential |
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Term
| What factors affect health and fitness activity? |
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Definition
-type of activity
-duration: increases
-fitness level: more fit person uses less E |
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Term
| what does NEAT consist of and what factors affect it? |
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Definition
NEAT (non-exercise activity thermogenesis)
examples: gesturing, fidgeting
-depends on personality
-can account for significant inter-individual differences of weight loss |
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Term
| Which hormones can increase BMR? |
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Definition
Epinephrine and thyroid hormone
(Hypothyroidism can lead to weight gain) |
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Term
| What are the methods to measure BMR? |
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Definition
Direct Calorimetry: measures heat lost from body at rest (this is difficult and expensive to do for very long times since the subject must live without activity in a thermos bottle for hours)
Indirect Calorimetry: Measure rate of oxygen use and sometimes also rate of CO2 and urea/ammonia generation and use metabolic reasoning to calculate BMR
(easier, but prone to error; requires validation with direct calorimetry results) |
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Term
| What is the Harris and Benedict equation used to calculate BMR? |
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Definition
BMR = 9.99 * M + 625 * H - 4.92 * A + S
M = body mass (kg)
H = height (meters)
A = Age (year)
S = +5 for males and -161 for females |
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Term
| What is the Klatch-McArdle formula used to calculate BMR? |
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Definition
BMR = 370 + 21.6 * LBM
Lean Body Mass = total body mass * (100% - % body fat) |
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Term
| What is the recommended amount of exercise for Amurricans? |
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Definition
| 30 minutes of activity that elevates the heart rate done 3 to 5 times per week |
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Term
| Why can anaerobic exercise only be sustained for brief periods of time? |
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Definition
| Because muscles normally have modest amounts of glycogen and anaerobic glycolysis uses glucose rapidly |
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Term
| One pound of body fat is equivalent to ____ kcal |
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Definition
3500 kcal
Body fat is not anhydrous; adipocytes have cytoplasm |
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Term
| What is efficiency of utilization (EU)? |
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Definition
Protein quality (aka Biological Value (BV)) is directly related to EU
EU = fraction of nitrogen in diet that is not excreted
-meat is typically high EU
-vegetables are low EU (but two or more vegetables may be combined to combine EU) |
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