New South

Ready

Chapter 16

D A Tompkins

Ready

Chapter 16

Tobacco, Reynolds, Hanes, Bull Durham, Bonsack, Durham & Winston

Ready

Chapter 16

• Champion Coated Paper Co.

Ready

Chapter 16

• Vanderbilt, Pinchot

Ready

Chapter 16

• Racial intermission

Ready

Chapter 16

What is interesting about this is that slavery ended in 1865, Jim Crow began in 1898.  Starting in 1865, there wasn’t an automatic jump into racism… it was a gradual shift which Ready calls “racial intermission”.  Customs varied from town to town. 

Kipling's White Man's Burden

Gilmore Chapter 3

Great Brittain’s colonization.  All non white races were too childlike, Anglo Saxon’s needed to help these races become civilized.  World wide we needed to help these inferior races(scientific racism)  wild, uncontrollable children..anthropologists.  

Racialization of manhood

Gilmore Chapter 3

o   African Americans believed they had to conform to the white middle class’ definition of manhood.  If one black man is accused of rape or even proved; that mean’s that all black men are like that.  Sliding into the era of Jim Crow.  Gender bias against black men !  Brings in the sexuality/

    Ideology of the best man(62)  

Gilmore Chapter 3 

o   Best man was a white man.  Black’s borrowed from the white guys… best man would be the most educated and and religious, middle class values.  If you belong to the best black men and best black women group, you are allowed to vote and be involved.  You must jump through these hoops before you can participate.  Black men had to constantly try to improve their manhood/education to the white men.

      The south’s new white man

Gilmore Chapter 3

o   Younger generation of whites:  do not want any blacks to have credentials.  Black skin means inferiority; 1890’s; they want to restrict the loophole to nothing/ no black participation in civic life.  Blamed their father’s generation for letting blacks in.

      Daniels, Simmons, Aycock, Dixon

Gilmore Chapter 3

•   Race over class
• Gilmore Chapter 3

• o   Doesn’t matter how good you are as a black person, you are still below over the lowest white person.  Sara Dudley Petty; class doesn’t matter anymore.

• ·         Black Soldiers
• Gilmore chapter 3

Want to prove their manhood.  To fight and protect their families, a right they were denied as slaves.  Spanish American War is their chance

White's demonize the black men, call them children dressed up in uniforms, unable to mature

Claim they are jumping on trains and raping scores of white women.

• ·         Protection of White women(82-
• Gilmore Chapter 3

o   Core of white supreme. movement

Procrustes

Gilmore Chapter 4

mythological Greek torture; would stretch or cut off limbs to make them fit into the bed

• ·         Black Women agency (92)
• Gilmore Chapter 4

• ·         BW politics
• Gilmore Chapter 4

• ·         Wilmington 1898, Manly
• Gilmore Chapter 4

• ·         Waddell
• Gilmore Chapter 4

down and out Confederate Colonel, leads the Wilmington Race Riot; think of him in SYMBOLIC TERMS

• ·         Lessons for WW, WM, AA, BBM, historians (117-_
• Gilmore Chapter 4

Best Black Men: This Is the beginning of the Great Migration of African Americans to the north;

 African Americans: AA’s realize they are falling a losing battle for equality, and the most talented and educated black population leaves the state – this really hurts NC

White Women:

White Men:

Historians:

• ·         Disfranchising Amendment (poll, lit, gf)
• Gilmore Chapter 5

• ·         Republicans
• Gilmore Chapter 5

• ·         Great Migration, Talented Tenth
• Gilmore chapter 5

This Is the beginning of the Great Migration of African Americans to the north; AA’s realize they are falling a losing battle for equality, and the most talented and educated black population leaves the state – this really hurts NC

• ·         BTW
• Gilmore chapter 5

• ·         Dixon
• Gilmore Chapter 5

White Supremecist. Propaganda. Klansmen.  Great Propogandist.  Reinforces ideas of black inferiority.  Wrote a book/play that became an international best seller.

wrote white supremacist propaganda; helping reinforce black ideals of black inferiority

• ·         Lynching
• Gilmore Chapter 5

Clients (147-8, 151)

Gilmore chapter 6

had to do with the progressive era; cities and states becoming more active during this era; when they needed to be in touch with someone from the black community they went to black women – they were clients of this age

Diplomats 148, 172

Gilmore Chapter 6

 Invisibility 148, 151, 155

Gilmore Chapter 6

 Jeanes teachers 160-5

Gilmore Chapter 6

Cleanup day—Salisbury Civic League 168-

Gilmore Chapter 6

 Lula Kelsey, Rose Aggrey, Mary Lynch 173

Gilmore Chapter 6

Charlotte Hawkins Brown 177-

gilmore chapter 7

she was born in NC, educated in Massachusetts, moved back to NC and named her facility after Palmer in order to make donations from white women more attractive to the white population. When Charlotte Hawkins Brown goes to Memphis, she was on the train, and she was dragged into the Jim Crow car, even though she was riding to the conference with the white women

Palmer Memorial Institute 179-

Gilmore Chapter 7

Mammy 189-

Gilmore Chapter 7

 Lula Martin McIver 186-

Gilmore chapter 7

 Assoc. of Colored Women’s Clubs 190

Gilmore Chapter 7

Mary McCrorey 192-

Gilmore Chapter 7

Ida McDonald Hook 192-

Gilmore Chapter 7

Wheatley YWCA 194

Gilmore chapter 7

 Farm home demo. agent program 196-

gilmore Chapter 7

  Farm home demo. agent program 196-

Gilmore chapter 7

WWI 199

Gilmore Chapter 7

 19^th Amendment

Gilmore chapter 8

Gender-based white supremacy, 213

Gilmore chapter 8

The Colored Women’s Letter

gilmore chapter 8

 Fanny Bickett, Delia Dixon-Carroll

Gilmore Chapter 8

(Bickett was governor’s wife, Dixon was the sister of Mr. Dixon) there was a push for white women to vote in order to squelch the black vote; black women were more successful in the Piedmont

West vs. east 218, 222

gilmore chapter 8

 Gilmore

Epilogue

Simmons finally defeated in 1930 – she wraps up the epilogue as a social activist and historian and says that she wants to bring out the important role in politics during this time; women exerted a lot of political pressure during this period

Progressive Plutocracy

1930's

Ready 19

Textiles, Tobacco, Furniture, Farmers in the Great Depression.

(323-4)

Ready 19

Textiles:  No one was buying fabric (women’s dress changed and there was a LOT less fabric). They welcomed to a certain degree interference

Tobacco – big tobacco didn’t want the new deal coming in; hey we are fine; record profits;

Furniture – people weren’t buying furniture – they tended to welcome New Deal policies

Farmers – It really sucked to be a farmer from about 1920 . Farmers experienced the GD ten years before the rest.  Really welcomed help from the gov’t

Gardner and Brookings Institute

Ready 19

Robert Reynolds, Jospeh Bailey

Ready 19

NRA in textiles, CTI

Ready 19

Unions and strikes:

Gastonia '29

Greensboro '32

Ready 19

something about southern culture; unionization very low in NC - -even today Unionization is one of the lowest in the country.  Very odd.

NRA in Tobacco, the big four

Ready 19

NRA in furniture

Ready 19

FERA, CWA, CCC

Ready 19

AAA

Ready 19

Woolworth's, SNCC

Ready 20

Historically black colleges and newspapers

Ready 20

NC Mutual

Ready 20

George White

Ready 20

WWII, the Great Migration

Ready 20

Brown, Pearsall Plan, tokeness

Ready 20

RWCA, Committee of 100

Ready 20

Monroe, Robert Williams

Ready 20

Swann

Republicans

The Southern Strategy

PTL

Ready 20

1950's: Smith (Helms) vs. Graham

Ready 20

Jesse Helms, James Hunt

Ready 20

Death to the Klan

Ready 20

Metrolina, the Triad Centralina

Ready 21

NC Cities; 1650-1911

Ready 21

Research Triangle Park (RTP)

Ready 21

I-85

Ready 21

Slow growth, low density, urbanization

Ready 21

CMHLC(Charlotte Mecklenburg Historical Landmarks Commission)

Hanchett Intro

What shapes a city?  Where should people work, and where should they dwell?

Hanchett Ack, Intro, Aftwd

1970's: Wedge

Hanchet Ack, Intro, Aftwd

1920's: Patchwork

Hanchett Ack, Intro, Aftwd

1870's: Salt and Pepper

Hanchett Ack, Intro, Aftwd

Sorted Out (by economics & race, not just transportation)

Hanchett Ack, Intro, Aftwd

Federal Aid

Hanchett Ack, Intro, Aftwd

"Most Racially Segregated Cities" pg 262

Hanchett

Charlotte & SC RR, 1852

Hanchett 1

Bank of Charlotte, 1853

Hanchett 1

Cotton, 1875

Hanchett 1

"better classes", Recon

Hanchett 1

Confederate officers can't vote or hold office after Reconstruction. 
Traditional elite were stripped of political control. 

the "better classes" were in an uproar.  Men such as J B Alexander who were used to humble deference were angry.

Grid

Hanchett 1

Wittkowsky & Rintels

Hanchett 1

Preindustrial, deferential, interminling

Hanchett 1

Preindustrial: All races classes lived near each other.  Business and home lived intermingling.

Deferential:  lower classes and blacks all know their place.

Intermingling:  mix across racial barriers everything is neat/tidy no one challenges the better classes.

New South

Hanchett 2

Southerners agresssively began to pursue Northern-style industrial and urban development

Robert Oates

Hanchett 2

Charlotte Cotton Mill

Hanchett 2

Edward Dilworth Latta

Hanchett 2

DA Tomkins

Hanchett 2

Alpha, Ada, and Victor mills (1889).  Entrepreneur who chose Charlotte to sell his WEstinghouse engines.  His company designs cotton mills then he later branches into owning and running his own mills.

He built three mills outside of the city.  Broke the pattern of bulding near the center city.

Mill Villages

Hanchett 2

Dilworth, 1891

Hanchett 2

Zanzabar, Congo (streets named to attract blacks to settle in) never actually built.

Plan was to make Dilworth biracial.  The neighborhood was welcoming to industry as well.  (Atherton Mill 1892).  Southend.

Zanzibar, Congo

Hanchett 2

Atherton Mill (Southend) 1892

Hanchett 2

Modernity vs. tradition, change vs. continuity

Hanchett 2

Weddington Quote

Hanchett 3

You wanted to take the government out of the hands of the men who own the property and put it in the hands of those who are ignorant and own no property.

Charlotte mayor J H Weddington 1897

Insolence

Hanchett 3

Populists, farmers, blue collar, AA

Hanchett 3

Populists:  combination of three groups; farmers, blue collar workers, and african americans.

Small farmers felt themselves losing power to railroad towns. Fence laws that prevented livestock roaming also upset farmers.

blue collar workers:  tradesmen were disenfranchised by the hiring of cheap unskilled labor.  mill workers worked long hours and lived in deplorable conditions.

african americans:  part of Republican group that merged with Populists movement.  prohibition was a huge dividing force/better classes said alchohol corrupted the aa's.

Race: the Perfect wedge issue

Hanchett 3

Physical Distance

Hanchett 3

RailRoads

Hanchett 4

Textiles, 1927

Hanchett 4

Linthead, textile trash

Hanchett 4

Better classes

Hanchett 4

Belmont-Villa Heights 1896, 1900

Hanchett 4

North Charlotte 1903

Hanchett 4

Highland Park #3, Stuart Cramer

Hanchett 4

C. Vann Woodward, Strange-Career of Jim Crow

Hanchett 5

Directed Opportunity

Hanchett 5

Separtate bibles

Hanchett 5

First Ward:  Hoods, shotguns, Belk & Little

Hanchett 5

First Ward: center city district. by 1889 sizeable clusters of all black neighborhoods are created. 

Hood: largest developer of a project in First Ward.  filled it with shotgun houses (rental houses).

Shotgun houses:  had no hallway, if someone shot a shotgun from front door, it would scatter and hit every room in the house(commonly understood definition)

Belk & Little:  two department store owners who purchased Hood's shotgun housing project.  Rented them out cheaply then sold them off.

Brooklyn (business)

Hanchett 5

Biddleville, Biddle Institute (JC Smith)-Western Heights subdivision, WS Alexander

Hanchett 5

Biddleville is best preserved of the aa neighborhoods from the 19th century.  Case study of the process of change.

Biddle Institute (JC Smith):  First black school ( began with offering high school classes to newly freed blacks) Added college classes and eventually offered college work.  Evenutally changed name to Biddle University. 

WS Alexander:  developed an area around Biddle University with plans for black and whites to live in the area.  Was developed before Jim Crow came into full bloom.

Washington Heights WS Alexander-Alexander quote

Hanchett 5

"Washington Heights will be for the colored race exclusively, and will mean to them what such suburbs as Myers Park, Elizabeth Heights, and Dilworth mean to Charlotte.  The developers propose to cause Washington Heights to be a place of tone and character"

kept blacks away from his other enterprise, Elizabeth Heights.

SD Pettey, women's political culture

Gilmore Ack, Intro

Gender and Race: Socially contructed

Gilmore Ack, Intro

The Better, Best Men, Best Women

Gilmore Ack, Intro

NC Unique

Gilmore 1

Place

Gilmore 1

Charles & Sarah Pettey

Gilmore 1

Charles & Sarah Pettey were both well educated.  After Sarah graduated she became a teacher and later assistant principal. Charles went into the ministry.  Perfect examples, ESPECIALLY Sarah, of the possibilities for African Americans during this racial intermission.

Sarah Pettey believed class was more important than race, which is representative of the racial intermission she lived in. 

Segregation

Gilmore 1

Cataclysmic ruptures – After the Civil War, we have progress and then BAM in 1898 we have an UNEXPECTED and RAPID change – segregation.  Segregation wasn’t a big deal until the late 1890’s.

Simmons

Gilmore 1

The evil Democrat that won a seat in Congress in 1886.  He realize that he was indebted to the African American voting population.  In 1888, “his own dog bit him”, because white voters felt he was paying too much attention to the black vote.  Simmons is the father of “Jim Crow”.

Class, Deliberately conspicuous life

Gilmore 1

Education, marriage

Gilmore 1

Race, class, gender

Gilmore 1

Cotton Mills

Gilmore 1

Booker T Washington

Gilmore 1

, vocational education – The Atlanta Compromise Speech – one of the most famous speeches in American History – Booker T gave it to a white audience, and what he said they kind of liked.  He acknowledged industrialization and advocated for vocational education as opposed to a classical education.  Washington clashed with Dubois, who thought that African Americans should be educated in the same way as the white population now. IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT NEITHER BOOKER T NOR DUBOIS SPENT MUCH TIME IN NORTH CAROLINA.

white supremacy, racism

Gilmore 2

how did Simmons convince everyone to decide on white supremacy.  They scared the white populous by instilling ideas that black men were rapist beasts.  So this is where Gilmore introduces the idea that black women come into the political picture at this point and try to chip away at racist beliefs.

Classical normal vocational

Gilmore 2

Usefulness coeducation civic partnership

Gilmore 2

Education for white men and women was very different; the education for the African American men and women was equal.  It was a more modern way of education.  Marriage in the black community was more equal than white marriages, mainly from necessity.  White women were supposed to decorative – black women were supposed to be useful.

Fayeteeville, CNS NC A&T Livingstone

Gilmore 2

Women's Christian Temperance Movement

Gilmore 2

black women and white women join forces to push for prohibition; black women weren’t given positions of power, but they were involved; Democrats tell their white women in the late 1890’s that they need to stay away from these black women, and we see the group fracture

Finer womanhood

Gilmore 2

WCTU no. 2

Gilmore 2

Ida B. Wells vs. Frances Willard

Gilmore 2

1896-1891, Dems

Gilmore 2

mythological Greek torture; would stretch or cut off limbs to make them fit into the bed

How the whites wanted AA's to be.  not too smart not too bad.

McMillan quote pg 223

Hanchett 9

Fed govt, businessmen, SE Charlotte

Hanchett 9

strongest factor for Charlotte's development into sectors was fed govt.  money could be used to develop the ideal of racial and economic homogeneity.

New Deal dollars, sprawl

Hanchett 9

HOLC, redlining (1937)

"undersirable population"

Hanchett 9

FHA_VA

Deed restrictions, exclusionary zoning

Hanchett 9

FHA-VA

AA's: NE and west

Hanchett 9

Public Housing

CLT Housing Authority

Hanchett 9

Independence Blvd

Hanchett 9

Park Road Shopping Center (1956)

Hanchett 9

Malls

Hanchett 9

CLT Planning Commission (1944)

Fox in the hen house

Hanchett 9

Zoning regulations

Hanchett 9

Urban renewal (minority removal?): FURA

"better use", Brooklyn the bulldozer

Earle village (1967)

Hanchett 9

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board (1971)

Hanchett 9

the Neighborhood Movement

Hanchett 9

The district system (1977)

Harvey Gantt (1981)

Hanchett 9

US most racially segregated citiies, 1940-1970

Hanchett aftwd

Latinos, NA's, Asians, retirees

Ready 22

Latino's:  population double by 2020. pop growth since 1990 has increased 150%

Native American's:  increased by 54 percent since 1980.  Largest Amerindian population on east coast

Asians:  since 1980 Asian population has grown 437%

Banks

Ready 22

2nd largest banking city behind NYC>  We were briefly #1.  Recent economic climate has changed things.

Bank of America

Wachovia, now WellsFargo

Other major companies

Ready 22

Raleigh General Parts

National companies like Krispy Kreme, Cheerwine, Pepsi

Not heavy manufacturing service oriented companies

Roads & airports

Ready 22

Cameron Morrison good roads governor in 1920's.

Interstate highways one of best in nation

airports Chiquita moving to Charlotte due to airport

us airways hub

Sports

Ready 22

Growth 7 Populations

Ready 22

Enduring legacies (388-)

Ready 22

Restrictive covenants/Deed Restrictions

Hanchett 6

closed off opportunites  in the more deisreable neighborhoods PAGE 149 and 151 Hanchett said that these restrictive covenants split work and residence, they segregated whites and black, creation of the New South suburbs

"search for order" see Myers Park Caucasion Clause

Deed restrictions.

Suburban Architecture

Hanchett 6

Three styles; colonial revival aimed at white business owners (big mansions), business men and executives (step down but still nice), middle class bungalows still nice but small.

Planning

Hanchett 6

Myers Park

Hanchett 6

in 2009 they were putting up this document, one of the old deed restrictions; the NAACP in Charlotte and other organization were livid. 

Restriction on original charter does not allow for people of color to own property in this neighborhood.

Piedmont Park

(WS Alexander)

Hanchett 6

George Stephens

Hanchett 6

Leigh Colyer

Hanchett 6

The Olmsteads

Hanchett 6

John Nolen

Hanchett 6

Myers Park

"A place for everyone and everyone in their place."

zoning

Hanchett 6

Myers Park

Hanchett 6

Business vs. Residence

Hanchett 7

Banks after 1900-lots of new banks begin to open in Charlotte.  Charlotte is transformed to manufacturing creates need for banks as diversified industry grows.  Banks serve surrounding areas and CLT becomes banking powerhouse between Atlanta and Washington DC.

South Tryon

Hanchett 7

skyscrapers 1909-1929, called Wall St of Charlotte.  Businessmen built big tall businesses on this one tall street to create the illusion of prosperity.  One block over there were small houses, and old manufacturing. 

W S Cash says it is a tuxedo on a pig=didn't need financial skyscrapers because land was so cheap.

ex. Commercial National BAnk

"Financial Canyon"

Disenfranchisement, commercial civic elite

Hanchett 8

At Large Commission (1917)

Hanchett 8

City Manager

Hanchett 8

City Planning

Hanchett 8

No voice from disenfranchized groups.

Commercial Civic Elite do not agree on city planning. They hire a planner in 1917, but his plans are not agreed upon until after the end of WWII.  By then Charlotte has grown beyond its 1917 borders, so city planning becomes ineffectual.  Charlotte ends up with a collection of neighborhoods and criss cross of interstates without any particular set direction.

Race and Manhood

Gilmore 3

Kipling’s White Man’s Burden

Gilmore 3

Racialization of manhood

Gilmore 3

Ideology of the Best Man (62

Gilmore 3

The South’s New White Man

Gilmore 3

Daniels, Simmons, Aycock, Dixon

Gilmore 3

Daniels (newspaper editor – using the newspaper to preach racist gospel), Simmons (father of Jim Crow), Aycock (governor) , Dixon (wrote books touting black men as racist beasts)-

Race over class

Gilmore 3

Race over class  -

Black soldiers – Fighting in the civil war meant manhood for black men during the civil war; During the Spanish American War, the south’s new white men had problem with this

Protection of white women (82) – political pressure – if you aren’t with us you are subjecting your women to be raped by black men

Black Soldiers

Gilmore 3

Protection of white women (82)

Gilmore 3

Mother Cotton

Ready 18

“Progressive Plutocrats”

Ready 18