Term
DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid) |
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Definition
| the genetic material that provides the blueprint to produce and individual's traits |
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| the genetic material must contain the information necessary to construct an entire organism |
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| the genetic material must be accurately copied |
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| after it is replicated, the genetic material can be passed rfom parent to offspring; it must also e passed from cell to cell during the process of cell division |
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| differences in te genetic material must account for the known variation within each species and among different species |
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| the cellular structures that we now know contain genetic material |
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| Griffith's bacterial transformation experiment |
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1) Injected mouse with living type S bacteria. Mouse died. Type S cells are virulent.
2) Injected living type R bateria into mouse. Mouse lived. Type R cells are benign.
3) Injected heat-killed type S bacteria into mouse. Mouse lived. Heat-killed type S cells are benign.
4) Injected living type R and heat-killed type S bacteria into mouse. Mouse died- virulent type S strain in blood. Living type R cells have been transformed into virulent type S cells by a substance from the heat-killed type S cells.
(See page 216) |
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| a type of genetic transfer between bacteria in which a segment of DNA from the environment is taken up by a competent cell and incorporated into the bacterial chromosome |
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| Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty purification methods |
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Definition
Hypothesis: A purified macromolecule from the type S bacteria, which functions as the genetic material, will be able to convert type R bacteria into type S.
Key Materials: Type R and type S strains of streptococcus pneumoniae
1) Purify DNA from a type S strain. THis involves breaking open cells and separating DNA away from other components by centrifugation.
2)Mix DNA extract with type R bacteria. Allow time for the DNA to be taken up by the R cells, converting a few of them to type S. Also, carry out the same steps but add the enzymes DNase, RNase, or protease to the DNA extract, which digest DNA, RNA, and proteins, respectively. As a control, don't add any DNA extract to some type R cells.
3) Add an antibody, a protein made by the immune system of mammals, that specifically recognizes type R cells that haven't been transformed. The binding of the antibody causes the type R cells to aggregate.
4) Remove type R cells by centrifugation. Plate the remaining bacteria in the supernatant onto petri plates. Incubate overnight.
Conclusion: DNA is responsible for transforming type R cells into type S cells.
(See page 218) |
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| a virus that infects bacteria |
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| outer covering called the phage coat that contains a head (capsid), sheath, tail fibers, and base plate |
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| nucleotides, strand of DNA, double helix,chromosomes, genome |
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| building blocks of DNA and RNA |
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| strand of DNA formed by.. |
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Definition
| covalent linkage of nucleotides in a linear manner |
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| two strands of DNA hydrogen-bound together; resembles spiral staircase |
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| discrete unit of genetic material composed of DNA and associated proteins |
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| the complete complement of an organism's genetic material |
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| purine bases of DNA include |
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| pyrimidine bases of DNA include |
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