Term
| Experimental fusion of cancer |
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Definition
| When cells (one normal and one cancer) growing next to one another are exposed to a fusogenic agent such as polyethylene glycol, they form a hetrokaryon with multiple nuclei. After the tetraploid cell divides, if the hybrid cell is tumorigenic, then cancer alleles are dominant(usually in case of virus induced), if hybrid is non tumorigenic, then the cancer alleles are recessive (mutagens) |
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Term
| Oncogenes vs. tumor suppressor genes |
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Definition
Oncogenes are dominant transforming phenotype. (gain of function) A single mutation event causes oncogene to stimulate cell proliferation
Tumor suppresor genes are recessive mutations. Need two mutation events to eliminate t.s gene...stimulating proliferation |
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Term
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Definition
Childhood eye tumor. Unilateral means one eye affected and there us no risk of further cancers
Bilateral is familial and means increased risk later in life. It is easier to detect earlier in life |
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Term
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Definition
| In order for Rb to create a tumor, both alleles must be mutated because it is a recessive trait.(unilateral) However, in familial, the defective Rb gene is already present in the germ line and therefore only a single mutation even needs to take place anywhere in the retina to initiate uncontrolled proliferation.
[image] |
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Term
| Elimination of wt Rb gene copies |
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Definition
| Mitotic recombination can leah to LOH. of a gene. Genetic material is exchanged between two homologous chromosomes. during crossing over in the g2 phase. After segregation of the chromatids at mitosis, there is equal probability that there will be an LOH of ROH
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
Gene Conversion.
This can occur when DNA polymerase begins on one chromosome for DNA replication and jumpes over to the homolog and continues replication, and jumps back. This can lead to LOH |
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Term
| Deletion Mapping of TS genes |
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Definition
| Darkly staining bands on specific parts of the chromosome made it easy to identify the karyotype of Rb patients. |
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Term
| Genetic Markers used to Map TS genes |
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Definition
| When a known gene is present next to a TS gene, test for the known gene in both cancer and non cancer patients |
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Term
| Restriction Lengh polymorphisms |
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Definition
| Genetic markers that are known to cleave or not when applied to a restriction enzyme. |
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Term
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Definition
| Can be used to determine a single polymorphism. The Primers on the alleles must match, if the primer fails to bind completely, there is no elongation and PCR will not proceed. |
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Term
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Definition
| In cytosine/guanine sequences, certain genes can be shut off through the use of methylation, which can be just as important as mutation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Expressed widely throughout the body. Forms negative feedback with the ras gene |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduction in protein level due to loss of one gene copy |
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Term
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Definition
ABC is a tumor suppresor gene that can be associated with Familial Adenematous Polyposis (FAP) colon cancer, and is located in the kinetochores
Loss of APC also leads to Chromosome instability (anneuploidy) |
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Term
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Definition
| Tumor suppresor gene that acts in kidney cancer. Also acts as a ubiquitin ligase for that targets transcription factor HIFa for degradation. Under normal conditions pVHL can bind to HIF and prevent excessive transcription by ubiquitation and degradation. Disfucntional VHL gene allows for uncontrolled VEGF transcription. |
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Term
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Definition
| Function in DNA damage checkpoints and DNA repair. Mutations in these genes are associatied with breast and ovarian cancer. |
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Term
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Definition
Mutations in MLH1 can lead to microsatellite instabilty
1) A microsatellite is a sequence of DNA consisting of tandem one or two base repeats
2) Succeptible to additional duplications if MRH! is not present (mismatch repair genes)
3) often associated with hereditary non polypsosis colon cancer |
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Term
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Definition
Acts both early and late to suppress carcinogenesis.
1 Early - Precents the transition from G1 to s in absence of mitogenic stimulation
2 Late - Blocks metastasis. Inactivates microtuble regulator stathmin, which promotes disassembly, allowing reorganization of actin cytoskeleton which is prereq to migration. |
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