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| Animals that must obtain nutrition by eating other organisms |
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Trap solar energy through photosynthesis and use that energy to synthesize all their components
(ex:plants, bacteria, protists) |
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| The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree celsius |
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Measure of the overall energy needs that must be met by the animal's food
(fats, carbohydrates, and proteins) |
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| Metabolic rate resulting from all the essential physiological functions that take place in a resting state |
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| Carbohydrate stored in liver and muscle cells. |
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Most important form of stored energy in animals
-more energy per gram than glycogen
-more compact |
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| Not used to store energy, but can be metabolized as a last resort |
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| Animals that do not take in enough food to meet their energy requirements |
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| Animals that take in more food than necessary to meet their energy demands |
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Mouth that takes in food and anus for excretion
-Only by crossing plasma membranes of epithelial cells lining the gut do nutrients enter the body |
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Definition
| Cavity of the vertebrae gut |
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First layer of tissue starting from lumen
-Contain epithelial cells that have secretory and absorptive functions |
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Just outside mucosa and second layer of cells
-Contains blood and lymph vessels that carry absorbed nutrients to rest of body |
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Definition
Inner most layer of smooth muscle cells external to submucosa
-Has cells that are oriented around the gut |
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| Longitudinal Muscle layer |
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Definition
Outermost layer
-Has cells that are oriented along the length of the gut |
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Definition
| Fibrous coat that surrounds the gut |
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| Tissue that covers and supports all abdominal organs |
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| Breaks down protein, carbohydrate, and fat macromolecules into their simplest monomeric units |
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| Secrete mucus and amylase |
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Term
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Definition
| Mucins (a family of large, heavily glycosolated proteins) and inorganic salts suspended in water |
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Definition
| Carbohydrase that hydrolyzes starch into maltose |
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Definition
| Carbohydrase that hydrolyzes starch into maltose |
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Definition
HCL maintains pH 1-3 in the stomach fluid.
-Stomach's interior can secrete 2 to 3 liters of gastric fluid per day
Functions:
-kill microorganisms that are taken in with food
-to hydrolize acid-labile substances
-to activate pepsin |
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Term
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Definition
Endopeptidase is major enzyme produced by stomach
-Secreted by cells in gastric glands as zymogen called pepsinogen |
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Definition
| Newly formed pepsin activates other pepsinogen molecules |
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Definition
Secreted by stomach's mucous cells
-Coats the walls of stomach and protects them from being eroded and digested by HCl and Pepsin |
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Definition
| Occurs when walls of the stomach are exposed directly to HCl and pepsin |
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Definition
| Mixture of gastric juice and partly digested food |
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| Peristaltic Constrictions |
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Definition
| Push chyme toward bottom end of stomach and into beginning of intestine through pyloric sphincter |
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Term
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Definition
Three structural parts:
-Duodenum: Site of most digestion
-Jejunum: Site of 90% absorption of nutrients
-Ileum: " " |
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Definition
| Provide many specialized enzymes required for digestion |
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Definition
| Bile is stored here, which is secreted from the liver and flows through a branch of the hepatic duct |
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Definition
| When fat enters the duodenum, bile is squeezed through here where it flows into the duodenum |
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Definition
| Break fats down into diglycerides, monoglycerides, and fatty acids, which are able to pass through plasma membrane of microvilli |
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Term
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Definition
| Water soluble lipoproteins |
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Term
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Definition
Bile acids
-have lipophillic and lipophobic ends
-disperse fat doplets into micelles
-greatly increases surface area of fats exposed to lipases |
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Term
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Definition
Transport fats in the aqueous circulatory system
-Consist of a core of fat and cholesterol covered by apoliproteins
-Largest lipoproteins are chylomicrons
-Lipoproteins classified according to density: more fat=lower density |
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Term
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Definition
| Carry triacylglycerol from the intestines to the liver and to adipose tissue |
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Term
| Very low density lipoproteins |
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Definition
| carry newly synthesized triacylglycerol from liver to adipose tissue |
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Term
| High density lipoproteins |
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Definition
| collects cholesterol from bodies tissue and brings it back to liver. Sometimes referred to as good cholesterol lipoprotein. |
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Term
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Definition
Large gland that lies just beneath the stomach and functions as both endocrine and exocrine
-Exocrine tissues produce digestive enzymes (zymogens) |
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Definition
Activated in duodenum by enterokinase, which is produced in the cells lining duodenum
-Active trypsin can activate trypsinogen molecules by autocatalysis |
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Term
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Definition
| Membrane bound on microvilli that cleave peptides into tri, di, and individual amino acids |
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| Intestinal epithelial cells |
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Definition
| Produce maltase, lactase, and sucrase |
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Term
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Definition
Large intestine
-Absorbs water and ions
-Houses large populations of bacteria which synthesize vitamin K and biotin |
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Definition
| Too much water absorption |
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Definition
| Too little water absorption |
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Definition
| Prolonged intake of antibiotics |
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