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Definition
| chemical messages that allow slow communication between distant cells in the body |
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Definition
| hormone-secreting cells (blood, interstitial space) |
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Definition
| secrete substances into ducts that are connected to the outside world |
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| face outside world (skin, stomach, intestines, lung, kidney, bladder) |
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Definition
| affect cells in their immediate vicinity |
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Definition
| act on the secreting cell itself |
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| peptide/ protein hormones |
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Definition
| water soluble, vesicle-transported,, receptors in surface of target cells (growth hormone, insulin) |
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Definition
| lipid-soluble, membrane-permeable, diffuses in/out of cells, receptors inside cells (estrogen) |
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Definition
| derivatives of AA tyrosine, can be water or lipid soluble (adrenaline/ epinephrine) |
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Definition
| made up of endocrine glands (pituitary, hypothalamus, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, testes) |
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| releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin (mae in hypothalamus), are neurohormones |
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Definition
| control activities of other endocrine glands, released by the anterior pituitary |
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Definition
| acts on many tissues to promote growth, deficiency causes pituitary dwarfism, excess as a child causes gigantism |
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Definition
| exocrine (99%, digestive enzymes), and endocrine (Islets of Langerhans-B produce insulin, A produce glucagon) |
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Definition
| causes breakdown of glycogen in liver |
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| causes uptake of glucose by cells (lowers blood glucose) |
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Definition
| saved diabetic dog with an extract from pancreas |
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Definition
| amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1C, Calorie= 1000 calories |
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Definition
| measure of the overall energy needs that must be met by the animal's food |
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Definition
| the metabolic rate resulting from all the essential physiological functions that take place in a resting state |
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| not taking in enough food to meet energy requirements |
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| too much food, glycogen reserves built up, then body fat stored |
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Definition
| mouth that takes in food, anus for waste secretion |
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Definition
| single layer of epithelium lining the gut plus underlying connective tissue that also contains blood vessels, lymphatics, and glands, has secretory and absorptive functions |
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Definition
| contains neural network, blood and lympth vesself --> transportation |
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Definition
| continuous with the lining of the abdominal cavity, tissue that covers and supports organs |
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Definition
| complex of nerve nets made up of neurons that reside entirely within the gut |
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Definition
| innermost muscle layer of gut, smooth muscle, has cells oriented around the gut |
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| longitudinal muscle layer |
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Definition
| outermost layer, smooth muscle, cells oriented along the length of the gut |
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Definition
| fibrous coat surrounding gut |
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| secrete mucus (heavily glycosylated proteins and inorganic salts suspended in water) & amylase (hydrolyses starch into maltose) |
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Definition
| major enzyme produced by the stomach, secreted as pepsinogen (autocatalysis where new pepsin turns pepsinogen into pepsin) |
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Definition
| when walls of stomach are exposed directly to HCl and pepsin (no mucus to protect it), caused by bacterium helicobacter pylori |
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Definition
| mixture of gastric juice and partly digested food |
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Definition
| stomach pushes chyme toward bottom end of the stomach and into the beginning of the intestine through the pyloric sphincter |
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Definition
| part of small intestine where most digestion occurs |
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Definition
| areas of small intestine where absorption of most nutrients occurs |
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Definition
| produces and secretes bile |
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Definition
| stores bile, which aids in digesting lipids |
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Definition
| fats that are resynthesized into water-soluble lipoproteins, pass to the lymph vessels in the submucosa |
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Definition
| lipophilic and lipophobic end (bile!), disperse fat droplets into micelles, which exposes more surface area to lipases |
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Definition
| transport fats in the aqueous circulatory system |
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Definition
| carry cholesterol from liver to cells of body (bad) |
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Definition
| collects cholesterol from tissues, brings it back to liver (good) |
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Definition
| carry triacylglycerol from liver to adipose tissue |
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Definition
| absorbs water and ions, producing semisolid feces from indigestible material |
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Definition
| don't attack normal cells and tissues |
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Definition
| fluids that accumulate outside of closed circulatory system, lymph nodes contain a variety of white blood cells |
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Definition
| lymph is filtered and white blood cells inspect it for pathogens |
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| has stem cells that give rise to all blood cells |
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Definition
| engulf and digest foreign materials |
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Definition
| specific immunity, either T or B cells |
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Term
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Definition
| kill virus-infected cells, regulate activities of other white blood cells |
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Definition
| differentiate to form antibody-producing cells and memory cells |
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Definition
| skin, normal flora (bacteria on surface of body that compete against pathogens), tears, saliva (have lysozyme), mucus, cilia, HCl, proteases in the stomach, bile salts, natural killer cells |
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Definition
| attack and lyse virus-infected or cancerous body cells |
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Definition
| conducted by neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells (highly folded plasma membranes that capture invaders) |
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Definition
| triggers inflammation, released by basophils and mast cells |
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Definition
| activates and recruits other immune cells and may signal the brain to produce a fever, produced by macrophages |
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Definition
| key molecules that alert the immune system to the presence of microbial infections, recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns |
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Definition
| secreted by cells that are infected by a virus, increase resistance of neighboring cells to infections by the same or other viruses by increasing the expression of protein kinase R (PKR) |
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Definition
| peptides or molecules that are specifically recognized by T cell receptors and antibodies |
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Definition
| sites on antigens that the immune system recognizes |
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Definition
| based on B cells (produce specific antibodies that recognize antigenic determinants by shape and composition), antibodies recognize pathogens in extracellular spaces |
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Definition
| detects antigens that reside within body cells, mainly T cells (have T cell receptors that recognize and bind specific antigenic determinants) |
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Definition
| plasma cell, produces antibodies, daughter of B cell |
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Definition
| releases cytokines, daughter of T cell |
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Term
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Definition
| daughters of B or T cell, live longer and retain the ability to divide quickly to produce more effector and more memory cells |
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Definition
| when the body encounters an antigen for the first time |
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Term
| secondary immune response |
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Definition
| more rapid than primary, occurs when antigen appears again |
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Definition
| reducing the toxicity of the antigenic molecule or organism |
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Definition
| produces recombinant antigenic fragments of pathogens that activate lymphocytes but are harmless by themselves |
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Definition
| introduce a gene encoding an antigen into the body |
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Definition
| developed first polio vaccine |
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Definition
| eliminates B or T cells from the immune system during their differentiation, prevents autoimmune disease |
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Definition
| killer T cells, recognize virus-infected cells and kill them by causing them to lyse |
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Term
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Definition
| assist both the cellular and humoral immune systems |
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Term
| major histocompatibility complex (MHC) |
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Definition
| plasma membrane glycoproteins, display antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| present on the surface of every nucleated cell in animals (KILL ME PROTEIN) |
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Term
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Definition
| Tc cell binds to MHCI-antigen complex, Tc cell is activated to proliferate and differentiate |
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Term
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Definition
| Tc cells bind to to cells bearing MHCI-antigen complex and secrete molecules that lyse the cell |
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Definition
| found mostly on the surface of B cells, macrophages, and other "professional" antigen-presenting cells |
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Definition
| specialized cells of the nervous system that receive, encode, and transmit information |
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Definition
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Definition
| muscles and glands, cause behavioral or physiological responses |
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Definition
| simple network of neurons that does little more than provide direct lines of communication from sensory cells to effectors |
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Definition
| receive information from other neurons |
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Definition
| contains the nucleus and most cell organelles |
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Definition
| integrates information collected by dendrites and initiates action potentials |
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Definition
| conducts action potentials away from the cell body |
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Term
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Definition
| synapse with a target cell |
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Definition
| chemical messengers released into synapse |
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Definition
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Term
| potassium equilibrium potential |
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Definition
| membrane potential at which the tendency of K+ ions to diffuse into the cell is equal to their tendency to diffuse out |
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Term
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Definition
| sudden and major change in membrane potential that lasts for about 1-2 milliseconds, travels along axons |
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Term
| voltage-gated sodium channels |
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Definition
| primarily responsible for action potential, usually closed until threshold potential opens it |
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Term
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Definition
| studied squid giant axons |
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Definition
| electrically insulates the axon |
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Definition
| how action potentials jump from one node of Ranvier to the next |
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Definition
| wrap around axons in pns, provide electrical insulation |
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Definition
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Definition
| neurotransmitter used by all vertebrate motor neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| postsynaptic neuron responds to chemical stimulation by depolarizing |
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Term
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Definition
| hyperpolarize postsynaptic membrane, GABA and glycine |
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Definition
| several synapses fire at the same time |
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Definition
| same synapse fires rapidly |
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Term
| ionotropic sensory detection |
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Definition
| the receptor protein itself is part of the ion channel, and by by changing its conformation, opens or closes the channel pore |
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Term
| metabotropic sensory detection |
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Definition
| the receptor protein is linked to a G protein that activates a cascade of intracellular events that eventually open or close ion channels |
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Term
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Definition
| change in the resting membrane potential of a sensory cell in response to a stimulus |
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Definition
| generate action potentials directly |
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Term
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Definition
| generate action potentials indirectly by inducing the release of neurotransmitter |
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