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Definition
| chemical messages that allow slow communication between distant cells (sends in seconds or days) not useful for rapid action |
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Definition
| cells that secrete hormones into the interstitial space and or blood stream |
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Definition
| cells that secrete substances into ducts that are attached to the outside world |
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Definition
cells that face the outside world
(60% of recognized human cells are epithelial cells) |
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Definition
| hormones that work on secreting cell |
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Definition
| hormones that work on cells near the secreting cell (never get into the circulatory system) |
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Definition
adrenaline - triggers a flight or fight response in the brain (heart)-increase in blood pressure with faster stronger heartbeat (liver)-glycogen is broken down into glucose to provide quick energy (fat tissue)-fats are mobilized as another energy source |
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Term
| three main groups of hormones |
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Definition
1.peptides or proteins 2.steroids 3.amine hormones |
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Definition
-water soluble and transport by vesicles out of the cell that made them -peptide hormone receptors are located on the surface of target cells -examples: growth hormone, insulin |
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Definition
-lipid soluble and membrane permeable -can diffuse out of the cell that made them -can diffuse into target cells -in blood they must be bound to carrier proteins -the receptors for lipid soluble hormones are located within cells either in the cytoplasm or nucleus example: estrogen |
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Term
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Definition
-are derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine
-some are water soluble and some are lipid soluble
-example: epinephrine |
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Term
| receptors for water soluble hormones |
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Definition
-have three domains
-a binding domain outside the plasma membrane
-a transmembrane domain that anchors to the receptor in the membrane
-a cytoplasmic domain that extends into the cytoplasm of the cell (initiates the target cells response by activating protein kinases or protein phosphatases) |
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Term
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| 1.pituitary 2.hypothalamus 3.pineal 4.thyroid 5.parathyroids 6.thymus 7.adrenals 8.pancreas 9.ovaries/testes |
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Term
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Definition
-link between the nervous system and many endocrine glands
-made of two parts, anterior and posterior |
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Term
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Definition
releases two hormones: antidiuretic hormone and oxytosin
-made my neurons in the hypothalamus called neurohormones and are packed in vesicles |
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Definition
controlled by neurohormones from the hypothalamus
-releases four tropic hormones (peptide and protein hormones)-thyrotropin, adrenocorticotropin, luteinizing hormone,and follicle-stimulating hormone.
also produces -growth hormone, prolactin, melanocyte-stimulating
hormone, endorphins, and enkephalins |
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Term
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Definition
GH - 191 amino acids
- acts on many tissues to promote growth |
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Term
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Definition
-functions as an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland
-exocrine accounts for 99% of pancreas
-exocrine products are delivered directly to the intestine via the pancreatic duct (bicarbonate, digestive enzymes[trypsin, amylase, lipase, chymotrypsin])
-the islets of langerhans are the endocrine part of the pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
1-2% of the pancrease
-about 1 million exist in pancreas
-each islet about 1000 cells (beta cells -isulin (65-80% of islets) alpha cells -glucagon (15-20%)
islets of langerhans are destroyed by type 1 diabetes |
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Definition
-concentrations depend on supply and demand (food intake/muscle activity)
-primary source of brain energy |
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Definition
-weakness, lathargy, dramatic loss of body mass
-since there is no insulin, cells could not take up glucose, so used fat and protein fuel |
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Definition
-10% of all cases
-autoimmune destruction of all insulin producing cells (pancreatic beta cells) |
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Definition
-90% of all cases
-due to "insulin resistance" caused by lack of sufficient insulin receptors on target cells |
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Definition
| converts glycogen into glucose |
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