Term
|
Definition
| Binds receptors-Alters gene expression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chemical messages that allow SLOW communication between DISTANT cells in the body
-can control long term physiological processes
-not useful for controlling rapid actions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secrete hormones into the interstitial space and/or blood stream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secrete substances into ducts that are connected to the outside world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Act on cells near site of release |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Act on the secreting cell itself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diffuse into the blood and distributed throughout body. When it encounters a cell with correct receptor, it binds and triggers a response. Same hormone can cause different responses in different types of cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nervous system reacts to emergencies very quickly and stimulate adrenal cells to secrete epinephrine. "Fight-or-flight" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Water soluble and transported by vesicles out of the cell that made them. Receptors are localized on surface of target cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-lipid soluble and membrane-permeable
-can diffuse out of cell that made them
-can diffuse into target cells
-in the blood they must be bound to carrier proteins
-receptors for lipid-soluble hormones are inside cells, either in the cytoplasm or the nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine
-Some water soluble and some are lipid soluble (epinephrine/adrenaline) |
|
|
Term
| Polypeptide Hormone Receptors |
|
Definition
Receptors for water soluble proteins-large glycoproteins on cell surface
-binding domain projecting outside the plasma membrane
-transmembrane domain anchors receptor in the membrane
-cytoplasmic domain extends into cytoplasm of the cell |
|
|
Term
| Membrane Permeable Hormones |
|
Definition
Lipid-soluble hormone receptors are inside cells (cytoplasm or nucleus)
-action of these hormones are mediated by intracellular hormone receptors that usually alter gene expression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Endocrine cells that aggregate into secretory organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Pituitary
-Hypothalamus
-Pineal
-Thyroid
-Parathyroids
-Thymus
-Adrenals
-Pancreas
-Ovaries/Testes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Link between nervous system and many endocrine glands.
-Sits in depression at bottom of skull, attached to hypothalamus
-Two parts: Anterior and posterior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Releases two hormones:
-Antidiuretic hormone
-Oxytocin
Made by neurohormones and packaged by vesicles in the hypothalamus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Controlled by neurohormones from the hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hormones released by anterior pituitary that control activities of other endocrine glands
-thyrotropin
-adrenocorticotropin
-lutenizing hormone
-follicle-stimulating hormone |
|
|
Term
| Non-tropic hormones released by Anterior Pituitary |
|
Definition
-growth hormone
-prolactin
-melanocyte-stimulating hormone
-endorphins
-enkephalins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -acts on many tissues to promote growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| result of overproduction in GH in children |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| GH Deficiency in children |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Functions as an endocrine and exocrine gland
-Exocrine parts are 99% of pancreas
-Pancreatic duct deliver exocrine products of bicarbonate and digestive enzymes to intestine
-Islet of Langerhans: Endocrine part of pancreas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-1-2% of Pancreas mass
-One million islets in a human pancreas
-Contains approximately 1000 cells:
Beta Cells: produce insulin (65-80%)
Alpha Cells: produce glucagon (15-20%)
-Islets destroyed in type 1 Diabetes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Normally maintained within narrow range, despite fluctuations in supply (food intake) and demand (muscle activity)
-Brain depends almost entirely on blood glucose as an energy source |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Stimulates cells to use glucose and to convert it to glycogen (muscle tissue) and fat (adipose tissue)
(After a meal blood glucose levels rise and stimulate the Beta cells to release insulin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Stimulates the liver to convert glycogen back to glucose
(When blood glucose levels fall, pancrease stops using insulin and cells switch to using glycogen and fat for energy. Alpha cells release) |
|
|
Term
| Types of Diabetes Mellitus |
|
Definition
Type 1 Diabetes:
-autoimmune destruction of insulin producing cells-pancreatic beta cells
Type 2:
-90% of all cases
-Due to insulin resistance caused by lack of sufficient functional insulin receptors on target cells
-Likely related to obesity |
|
|
