Term
| What is the functions of the GI tract? |
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Definition
separate ingested food into essential nutrients & unnecessary wastes
absord the former while getting rid of the latter |
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Term
| What are the four functions of the GI tract to carry out its task? |
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Definition
1. motility
2. secretion
3. digestion
4. absorption |
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Term
| What are the two types of motility? |
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Definition
1. Peristalsis - propulsive, smooth muscle contracts behind food while stomach muscle relaxes in front
2. Segmentation - mixing, mechanical digestion |
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Term
| Where does peristalsis occur in the digestive tract? |
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Definition
| in the stomach, small intestines, and large intestines |
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Term
| Where does segmentation occur? |
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Definition
| in the stomach and small intestines |
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Term
| What type of motility occurs in the large intestines? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of motility occurs in the stomach? |
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Definition
| peristalsis and segmentation |
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Term
| What type of motility occurs in the small intestines? |
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Definition
| peristalsis and segmentation |
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Term
True or False
ParaNS is responsible for peristalsis and segmentation. |
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Definition
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|
Term
True or Flase
Motility is controlled by the ANS. |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of muscle is a majority of the GI tract made of? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| release of fluid into the GI tract |
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Term
| How much saliva is secreted in a typical day? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the secretions end up in? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the breakdown process whereby the structurally complex foodstuffs of the diet are converted into smaller units |
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Term
| How does digestion occur? |
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Definition
| occurs mechanically via the aforementioned motility and chemically via enzymes |
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Term
| Where does the greater percentages of digestion take place? |
|
Definition
| in the stomach and small intestines |
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Term
| What is the simplest unit of proteins? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the simplest unit of TG's/fats? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the simplest unit of polysaccharides? |
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Definition
| monosaccharides (glucose) |
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Term
| What is the GI tract made of? |
|
Definition
| epithelial-lined, muscular tube |
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Term
| What are the primary organs of the GI tract? |
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Definition
| mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine/colon (cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, & sigmoid colons), rectum, and anus |
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Term
| What are the sections of the small intestines (in order)? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long is the duodenum? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What is the landmark on the end of the cecum? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the esophageal hiatus? |
|
Definition
| the opening where the esophagus passes through the diaphragm |
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Term
| What are the accessory digestive organs? |
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Definition
| the salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gall bladder |
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|
Term
| What are the organs of the biliary system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the GI Tract Environment. |
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Definition
| the contents within the lumen are technically outside the body |
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Term
| What happens in peptic ulcer disease (PUD)? |
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Definition
| HCL or gastric juice penetrates the gastric mucosal barrier, injuring the gastric wall with its acidic and enzymatic contents |
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Term
| What happens in acute pancreatitis? |
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Definition
| Pancreatic juice escapes the pancreas and/or duodenum. The pancreatic digestive enzymes in the juice can cause widespread destruction of pancreatic tissue and possible hemorrhage. |
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Term
| What happens in the case of a ruptured appendix or perforated diverticulitis? |
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Definition
| the colon wall tears open, allowing intestinal bacteria ('flora") to escape to the abdominal and pelvic cavities, causing peritonitis or even death |
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Term
| What are the layers of the GI tract wall? (from inner to outer) |
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Definition
mucosa - makes mucus and goes into lumen
submucosa
muscularis - made of muscle
serosa - made of connective tissue |
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Term
| What are the two types of muscle layers in the muscularis? |
|
Definition
circular muscle layer - segmentation
longitudinal muscle layer - peristalsis |
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Term
| What type of motility does the circular muscle layer of the muscularis perform? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of motility does the longitudinal muscle layer of the muscularis perform? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the three types of salivary glands. |
|
Definition
1. submandibular
2. parotid
3. sublingual |
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Term
| CN 5 (Trigeminal) is responsible for aiding in what role for the digestive system? |
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Definition
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Term
| CN XII (Hypoglossal) aides in what to help out in the digestive system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do all of the salivary glands have? |
|
Definition
| all have ducts to dump saliva into the mouth |
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Term
| What are the names of the chewing muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to produce saliva |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| brainstem, mainly medulla |
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|
Term
| What stimulates the salivary glands? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does salivary amylase do? |
|
Definition
| an enzyme that beings digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth |
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Term
|
Definition
| mixes with water to become mucus, which lubricates food |
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Term
| What are the function of lysozymes? |
|
Definition
| to attack bacteria, which helps protect tissues |
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Term
| What is the normal range of daily secretion of saliva? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is saliva composed of? |
|
Definition
| 99.5% water and 0.5% electrolytes and protein |
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|
Term
| What ANS is responsible for salivation? |
|
Definition
| efferent neurons of the ParaNS carry information via the CN VII and CN IX to the salivary glands |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
skeletal muscles of the pharynx
smooth muscle of the esophagus
UES (upper esophageal sphincter)
LES (lower esophageal sphincter? |
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Term
| What are the other two names for the LES (lower esophageal sphincter)? |
|
Definition
1. gastroesophageal sphincter
2. cardiac sphincter (due to apex of the heart close by) |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
True or False
The only voluntary muscle that is involved with swallowing is the skeletal muscles of the pharynx. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the three main regions of the stomach? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is sometimes referred to as the 4th region of the stomach? |
|
Definition
| the cardiac region where the esophagus enters the stomach |
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Term
| What are the two sphincters of the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What are the three muscle layers of the stomach? |
|
Definition
1. longitudinal
2. circular
3. oblique |
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Term
|
Definition
| when the stomach protrudes into the diaphragm |
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Term
|
Definition
gastroesophageal reflux disease
causes heartburn and esophagitis and can lead to ulceration and stricture of the esophagus due to scarring
GERD and esophageal adenocarcinoma may have a strong relationship |
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Term
| What is the pH of the stomach? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the rugae of the stomach |
|
Definition
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