Term
| What does the respiratory system do? |
|
Definition
1. Ventilation (breathing or respiration)
2. Gas exchange |
|
|
Term
Overview of Ventilation
Inhalation |
|
Definition
active process - need muscle contraction
inspiratory muscles - diaphragm and external intercostal
phrenic nerve - must be intact |
|
|
Term
Overview of Ventilation
Exhalation |
|
Definition
Passive process (quiet) - does not involve muscle contraction
elastic recoli
active process (forced) - ex: cough or running hard |
|
|
Term
| What does air need in order to flow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the upper respiratory structures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the lower respiratory structures? |
|
Definition
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the conduction zone? |
|
Definition
-moves air
-warms air
-moistens air
-filters air
-airway resistance at the bronchi and bronchioles due to smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the respiratory zone? |
|
Definition
| Gas exchange between the aveolar sacs and capillaries |
|
|
Term
| What two things work together to trap things and prevent infections? |
|
Definition
| Cilia and mucus only in the conducting zone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 paranasal sinuses? |
|
Definition
frontal
maxillary
sphenoidal
ethmoidal |
|
|
Term
| What are the aveoli surrounded by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the greatest site of airway resistance occur? |
|
Definition
| with the bronchi and bronchioles - they are affected by the SNS (bronchodilation) and ParaNS (bronchoconstriction) |
|
|
Term
| Where does the olfactory receptors reside in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three parts of the pharynx? |
|
Definition
Nasopharynx (behind the naso cavity)
Oropharynx (behind mouth)
Laryngopharynx (below mouth and above larynx) |
|
|
Term
| Pharynx is refered to as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What other structures are in the pharynx? |
|
Definition
Nasal conchae (in the nose)
Eustachian (auditory) tube
Hard/soft palate
Uvule
Tonsils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clusters of WBC's that are "on-guard" for pathogenic diseases |
|
|
Term
| What is the larynx mainly composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple)
Cricoid cartilage
Epiglottis |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the larynx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the vocal cords located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the trachea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the trachea made of? |
|
Definition
| composed mainly of rigid cartilagenous rings (tracheal rings) to prevent from collapsing |
|
|
Term
| Where is a tracheotomy performed? |
|
Definition
| with the patient's neck hyper-extended the incision is usually made through the skin through the 2nd, 3rd, or 4th tracheal ring |
|
|
Term
| How many lobes are in the right lung? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many lobes are in the left lung? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the presence of air in the intrapleural space on one side of the chest.......which leads to COLLAPSE! |
|
|
Term
| What two fluids work together to keep lungs inflated? |
|
Definition
| pleural fluid and the pulmonary surfactant |
|
|
Term
| What are the alveolus and pulmonary capillaries lined with to ease gas exchange? |
|
Definition
| simple squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| What four gasses are in the air? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| by the Type II alveolar cell |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of surfactant? |
|
Definition
| to lower surface tension and subsequently reduce the tendency of the aveoli to collapse completely |
|
|
Term
| What pressures are involved with breathing? |
|
Definition
Atmospheric pressure
Intra-alveolar pressure
Pleural pressure |
|
|
Term
| Movement of air requires what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure
P1V1 = P2V2 |
|
|
Term
| What causes our primary drive to breathe? |
|
Definition
| a rising CO2 level (hypercapnia) |
|
|
Term
| When the diaphragm contracts, the volume of the thorax increases, thoracic pressure: |
|
Definition
| decreases, and air rushes into the lungs |
|
|
Term
| Quiet respiration is the function of: |
|
Definition
| the diaphragm and external intercostal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During normal, quiet respiration, the amount of air exchange between the lungs and atmosphere is called _________ and has a volume of _______ ml. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Under normal conditions, air in the atmosphere exerts a pressure of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the temporary cessation of breathing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the volume remaining in the respiratory tract after maximum expiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the measurement of the motion of molecules |
|
|
Term
| Dalton's Law is also know as? |
|
Definition
| the law of partial pressures |
|
|
Term
| PO2 at standard atmospheric pressure is approximately: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the gas of greatest concentration in atmospheric air? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a spirometer and respirometer used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| max you can inspire and expire |
|
|
Term
| How is oxygen carried in the blood? |
|
Definition
Dissolved in plasma (solubilized) -- 1.5%
Bound to hemoglobin (Hb) in RBCs -- 98.5% |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increasing the carbon dioxide content of blood results in: |
|
Definition
increased H+ concentration of plasma
decreased blood pH |
|
|
Term
| A right shift of oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve due to increased Pco2 is known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The basic rhythm of the respiratory cycle seems to be generated by: |
|
Definition
the medullary rhythmicity area
the inspiratory center
the expiratory center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| irritation of the phrenic nerve can cause extended periods of hiccups |
|
|
Term
| What is formed when carbon dioxide bind(s) to hemoglobin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after expiring the tidal volume is known as? |
|
Definition
| expiratory reserve volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most carbon dioxide is carried in what form? |
|
Definition
| bicarbonate ions (HCO3) -- 70% |
|
|
Term
| Carbon dioxide is transported by the blood in 3 forms: |
|
Definition
Dissolved in plasma -- 7%
Bound to hemoglobin (carbiaminohemoglobin) in RBCs or other plasma proteins --23%
As bicarbonate ions (HCO3) -- 70% |
|
|
Term
| What sets the basic rhythm for breathing? |
|
Definition
| the inspiratory and expiratory centers |
|
|
Term
| What causes our secondary drive to breathe? |
|
Definition
| a falling O2 level (hypoxia) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long period of breathing cessation |
|
|
Term
| Where are the chemoreceptors found? |
|
Definition
| in the carotid sinus and aortic arch |
|
|
Term
| Where is ventilation controlled? |
|
Definition
| by the neurons in the brainstem |
|
|
Term
| Where are the 2 most important collection of neurons in the medulla? |
|
Definition
| inspiratory and expiratory centers |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal breathing rate? |
|
Definition
|
|
