Term
| What does the Respiratory System Do? |
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Definition
- Ventilation (Breathing or Respiration)
- Gas Exchange
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Term
| Is inhalation an active or inactive process? |
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Definition
Inhalation is an active process using the inspiratory muscles (Diaphram and External Intercostals)
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Term
| What nerve produces contratcion of the diaphram? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is Exhalation an active or passive process? |
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Definition
| Exhalation is generally a passive process caused by chest recoil. This can be an active process during difficulty breathing through the use of abdominal and internal intercostal muscles to expel air. |
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Term
| Name the upper respiratory structures |
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Definition
- Nose
- Pharynx (Throat)
- Larynx (Cartilage area)
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Term
| Name the lower respiratory structures. |
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Definition
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Lungs
- Bronchioles
- Alveolar Ducts
- Alveoli
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Term
| What are the differences between the Conduction Zone and Respiratory Zone? |
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Definition
Conduction Zone
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Moves Air
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Warms Air
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Moistens Air
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Filters Air
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Airway Resistance
Respiratory Zone
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Term
| What type of cells line the Respiratory Epithelium? |
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Definition
- Cilia
- Mucous
- Pseudostratisfied Epithelium
Smokers develop stratisfied squamous in place if Pseudostratisfied, no longer have cilia or goblets. |
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Term
| What is Respiratory Acidosis? |
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Definition
Increase in CO2
Decrease in Ph |
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Term
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Definition
| Location where the trachea divides to the L and R Primary Bronchus |
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Term
| Where is the greatest site of airway resistance? |
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Definition
In the bronchi and bronchioles.
They are affected by the SNS (Bronchodilation) and the ParaSNS (Bronchoconstriction) |
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Term
| Where does the majority of gas exchange occur? |
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Definition
in the alveoli (a small amout occurs with respiratory bronchioles)
Alveoli are rifhly surrounded by pulmonary capillaries. |
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Term
| Name the 4 Paranasal Sinuses |
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Definition
- Frontal
- Maxillary
- Spenoidal
- Ethmoidal
Olfactory receptors reside in the nasal cavity |
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Term
| Name the 3 parts of the pharynx |
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Definition
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
is approx 5 inches long |
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Term
| What is the Larynx composed of? |
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Definition
- Thyroid Cartilage (Adam's Apple)
- Cricoid Cartilage
- Epiglotis
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Term
| Where are the vocal chords located? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| incision made through the skin through the 2nd 3rd or 4th tracheal ring |
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Term
| How many lobes to the left and right Lungs have? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the following:
- Parietal Pleura
- Visceral Pleura
- Pleural Fluid
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Definition
Visceral Pleura is the covering directly around the lung
Parietal Pleura is the lining around the outside of the Visceral Pleura
The Pleural Fluid is a fluid that fills the space between the visceral and parietal pleura |
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Term
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Definition
| The presence of air in the interpleural space on one side of the chest. - leads to collapse of the lung |
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Term
| What prevents the collapse of alveoli within the lung? |
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Definition
| Pulmonary Surfactant which coats the inside of each alveolus and lowers the surface tension |
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Term
| What cells create Pulmonary Serfactant? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Tidal Volume (TV)? |
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Definition
The amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs with each inspiration and expiration. Normal resting adult TV is approx 500 cc.
*Note: only approx 350 cc's reach the alveoli |
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Term
| What is Minute Ventilation (MV)? |
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Definition
Total air taken in by the lungs in a one minute period.
MVe = TV x RR |
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Term
| What is the Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) |
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Definition
| The amount of air you can inspire above your normal tidal volume |
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Term
| What is Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)? |
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Definition
| The amount of air you can expire above your normal tidal volume. |
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Term
| What is Residual Volume (RV) |
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Definition
| The amount of air left in the respiratory system after a forced expiration. |
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Term
| How many O2 mollecules can bind to 1 Hb? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the methods of oxygen transport? |
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Definition
- 1.5% desolved in blood plasma
- 98.5% bound to Hb in RBCs
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Term
| What is the normal RBC count in 1ml of blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe Hypoxia and it's causes |
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Definition
Hypoxia is a deficiency of O2 at the tissue level caued by:
- Decreaded Ventilation
- Anemia
- Ischemia
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Term
| How is carbon dioxide transported by the blood? |
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Definition
- Dissolved in plasma - 7%
- Bound to Hb - 23%
- As bicarbonate ions - 70%
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Term
Regulation of Respiration
The 2 most important collections of neurons are where? |
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Definition
Medulla inspiratory and expiratory centers.
Centers in the Pons have modifying function (can lower/raise RR)
Aortic Arch also has chemoreceptors to regulate O2 and CO2 in the blood |
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Term
| What is a normal breathing rate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are the chemoreceptors that are sensitive to changes in arterial O2 CO2 and pH located? |
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Definition
| In the carotids and the aorta. These chemoreceptors notify the brainstem to change the RR/depth |
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Term
| What are the Primary and Secondary breathing drives? |
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Definition
Primary drive is a raising CO2 levels
Secondary drive is a falling O2 level |
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Term
Describe the following types of breathing:
- Eupnea
- Hyperventilation
- Dyspnea
- Apnea
- Respiratory Arrest
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Definition
| Eupnea - Normal RR
Hyperventilation - Rapid & Deep
Dyspnea - Labored or difficult breathing
Apnea - Brief period of breathing cessation
Respiratory Arrest - Long period of breathing cessation |
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