Term
Ch 6 Question #1A
Know what metabolism means. |
|
Definition
•Metabolism is a term that is used to describe all chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living state of the cells and the organism
|
|
|
Term
Ch 6 Question #1B
Know the 2 types of metabolism. |
|
Definition
•Metabolism is divided into two categories:
▪Catabolism - the breakdown of molecules to obtain energy
▪Anabolism - the synthesis of all compounds needed by the cells using energy |
|
|
Term
Ch 6 Question #2
Know what is the energy molecule of the cell. |
|
Definition
•Cells make ATP – the energy molecule – to carry out many functions of the cell that require the input of energy |
|
|
Term
Ch 6 Question #3A
Know what energy is the types (kinetic energy and potential energy). |
|
Definition
▪Kinetic energy
•Energy of motion •Mechanical
▪Potential energy
•Stored energy •Chemical energy
|
|
|
Term
Ch 6 Question #3B
What kind of energy do chemical bonds have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ch 6 Question #3C
What happens when a chemical bond is made or broken? |
|
Definition
Chemical energy
▪Making/breaking a chemical bond can release energy.
▪Making/breaking a chemical bond can require energy. |
|
|
Term
Ch 6 Question #4
Know the first law of thermodynamics and what it means. |
|
Definition
•Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that studies heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work.
•First law:
▪Law of conservation of energy
▪Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be changed from one form to another
|
|
|
Term
Ch 6 Question #5A
Know the second law of thermodynamics and what it means.
|
|
Definition
•Second law:
▪Law of entropy - energy conversions increase the disorder of the universe.
▪When energy is changed from one form to another, there is a loss of usable energy.
▪Waste energy goes to increase disorder.
▪In most transformations, the unusable energy is converted to heat. |
|
|
Term
Ch 6 Question #5B
Know the second law of thermodynamics and what it means. |
|
Definition
•Second law Continue:
•Heat cannot be stored or used in any in reactions
•It is basically LOST and considered a disordered from of energy, thereby, increasing the disorder of the universe
|
|
|
Term
Ch 6 Question #6A
What does exergonic mean?
|
|
Definition
▪Exergonic Reactions- Products have less free energy than reactants (release energy)
•When reactants “react” to make products energy is released.
•Exergonic reactions release energy
▪These reactions release the energy in covalent bonds of the reactants
Burning wood releases the energy in glucose as heat and light |
|
|
Term
Ch 6 Question #6B
What does endergonic mean? |
|
Definition
▪Endergonic Reactions- Products have more free energy than reactants (require energy input).
•When reactants “react” to make produce energy is required.
•Endergonic reactions
▪Begin with reactant molecules that contain relatively little potential energy but
▪End with products that contain more chemical energy
|
|
|
Term
Ch 6 Question #7A
Know the structure of ATP. |
|
Definition
•Composed of:
▪Adenine, ribose (together = adenosine), and three phosphate groups
▪Need ENERGY to make ATP |
|
|
Term
Ch 6 Question #7B
Why is ATP important? |
|
Definition
•Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
▪High energy compound used to drive, supply the energy for, metabolic reactions
▪Constantly being generated from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) |
|
|
Term
Ch 6 Question #8
- What are coupled reactions?
|
|
Definition
•Coupled reactions:
▪Energy released by an exergonic reaction captured in ATP
▪ATP is used to drive an endergonic reaction |
|
|
Term
Ch 6 Question #9A
Know what a metabolic pathway is.
|
|
Definition
•Chemical Reactions usually occur in a sequence
▪Products of an earlier reaction become reactants of a later reaction
▪Such linked reactions form a metabolic pathway. |
|
|
Term
| Metabolic Reactions and Energy Transformations |
|
Definition
•Free energyis the amount of energy available to perform work after a chemical reaction has occurred.
•Metabolism
▪Sum of cellular chemical reactions in cell
▪Reactants participate in a reaction
▪Products form as result of a reaction
|
|
|
Term
Ch 6 Question #10A Know ALL about enzymes.
What is an enzyme?
|
|
Definition
•Enzymes are catalysts – help to speed up chemical reactions
•Enzymes are proteins made by the cell
▪Exception: Some enzymes that are made of RNA |
|
|
Term
Ch 6 Question #10B Know ALL about enzymes.
What do enzymes lower?
|
|
Definition
pH
▪Most enzymes are optimized for a particular pH.
▪The enzymes in your stomach, pH 2, work best in acidic conditions.
▪The enzymes in your intestines, pH 8, work best in slightly basic
conditions.
▪The enzymes in your blood, pH 7.4, work best in a neutral
condition.
▪An enzyme placed in the wrong pH will also be denatured.
|
|
|
Term
Ch 6 Question #10C Know ALL about enzymes.
What is a substrate?
|
|
Definition
•The specific reactant that an enzyme acts on is called the enzyme’s substrate.
•Enzymes are specific because their active site fits only specific substrate molecules.
Enzyme-Substrate Complex:
•Degradation:
▪Enzyme complexes with a single substrate molecule
▪Substrate is broken apart into two product molecules
•Synthesis:
▪Enzyme complexes with two substrate molecules
▪Substrates are joined together and released as a single product molecule |
|
|
Term
Ch 6 Question #10D Know ALL about enzymes.
What is the active site?
|
|
Definition
•The active site has a shape that only a specific reactant can fit.
•Enzymes are specific because their active site fits only specific substrate molecules.
•There are ~ 75,000 enzymes thought to exist in the human body.
|
|
|
Term
Ch 6 Question #10E Know ALL about enzymes.
Why is an enzyme specific?
|
|
Definition
•Enzyme “folding” dictates its function which makes them specific to the reaction they catalyze
▪The folding creates an ACTIVE SITE |
|
|
Term
Ch 6 Question #10F Know ALL about enzymes.
What is a cofactor?
|
|
Definition
•Cofactors bind to the active site and help in the catalysis of the reaction.
▪Cofactors are inorganic, such as zinc, iron, or copper. |
|
|
Term
Ch 6 Question #10G Know ALL about enzymes.
What is a coenzyme?
|
|
Definition
•Coenzymes are non-protein organic molecules, such as most vitamins. |
|
|
Term
Ch 6 Question #10H Know ALL about enzymes.
What is a enzyme inhibition? |
|
Definition
Enzyme Inhibition
•Reversible enzyme inhibition
▪A substance known as an inhibitor binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity.
•Competitive inhibition– the substrate and the inhibitor are both able to bind to active site.
•Noncompetitive inhibition– the inhibitor does not bind at the active site, but at an allosteric site (another place on the enzyme. |
|
|
Term
Ch 6 Question #11
Know the factors that affect enzymatic speed.
|
|
Definition
Factors Affecting Enzymatic Speed
•Cells can regulate the presence/absence of an enzyme.
•Cells can regulate the concentration of an enzyme.
•Cells can activate or deactivate some enzymes through cofactors and
coenzymes. |
|
|
Term
Ch 6 Question #12A
Know what organelles are involved in energy in the cell. |
|
Definition
•Need Organelles
▪Chloroplasts
▪Mitochondria |
|
|
Term
Ch 6 Question #12B
What are the 2 processes?
|
|
Definition
Organelles & the Flow of Energy
•Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions
▪Electrons pass from one molecule to another
•Oxidation- loss of an electron
•Reduction – gain of an electron
▪Both take place at same time
▪One molecule accepts the electron given up by the other |
|
|
Term
Ch 6 Question #13
Know what the electron transport chain is.
|
|
Definition
•Consists of membrane-bound carrier proteins found in mitochondria and
chloroplasts.
•Physically arranged in an ordered series:
▪Starts with high-energy electrons being delivered
▪Pass electrons from one carrier to another |
|
|
Term
Ch 6 Question #14
Know how chemiosmosis works.
|
|
Definition
•The electrochemical gradient is used to make ATP from ADP – Chemiosmosis
▪Ends with low-energy electrons and high-energy ATP
|
|
|
