Term
Know the difference between inorganic and organic molecules. |
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Definition
Inorganic vs Organic Molecules
Inorganic Molecules (not living) Organic Molecules (living)
Usually contain positive & negative ions Always contain carbon & hydrogen
Usually ionic bonding Always convalent bonding
Always contain a small # of atoms Often quite large, with many atoms
Often associated with nonliving matter Usually associated w/living organisms |
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Term
Know what atoms are found in an organic compounds
****Note compound & molecule are interchangable terms.******************* |
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Definition
- Oxygen
- Nitrogen
- Phosphorus
- Sulfur
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Term
Know what is unique about carbon |
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Definition
•Unique bonding requirement allows it to form
Why is carbon so important?
•Remember, carbon has 6 electrons:
–2 in inner shell, 4 in outer shell
•Carbon can bond with 4 other atoms
•Carbon usually covalently bonds (shares electrons) with another C
–These bonds are very stable
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Term
Know the different types of structures carbon atoms can form?
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Definition
•Unique bonding requirement allows it to form
–Chains
or
–Rings
•Carbon chain of organic molecule = skeleton = backbone
•Diversity of organic molecules comes from:
–Number/arrangement of carbon atoms
–Functional groups
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Term
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Definition
•Two molecules with same chemical formula but different structures and properties.
Structural isomers have different covalent arrangements of their atoms.
–Different functional groups = act differently!
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Term
Know the type of reaction that breaks polymers into monomers |
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Definition
1. The reaction that JOINS monomer to form polymers is DEHYDRATION reactions.
2. The reaction that BREAKS APART polymers to form monomer is HYDROLSIS reactions.
–Monomer (one subunit) vs. polymer (many monomers linked together). |
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Term
Know the 4 main classes of molecules in living organisms. |
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Definition
Major Classes of Biomolecules
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Carbohydrates
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Lipids
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Proteins
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Nucleic Acids
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Term
Know the functions of carbohydrates |
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Definition
Main function/roles: (glucose, fructose, & galactose)
1. Universal Energy Source = glucose
2. Structural Roles = cellulose (plants)
Additonal functions:
1. Storage = starch = glyocgen
2. Bacteria = peptidoglycan
3. Skelton = chitin (animal/fungi)
•Chains of monomers
•Usually contain C:H:O in a ratio of 1C:2H:1O
•Vary in size from chains of a few “sugars” to hundreds of sugars
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Term
Know what polysaccharides are the 5 talked about in class |
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Definition
- Starch - plants
- Glycogen - animal (Storage and release controlled by hormones)
- Cellulose -in plants
- Chitin- in animals and fungi
- Peptidoglycan- in bacteria
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Term
Triglycerides are composed of what two molecules? |
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Definition
•Composed of
1. glycerol
2. fatty acids
–Fatty acid = long hydrocarbon with -COOH functional group
(dehyrdation reaction occurs)
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Term
Know what saturated and unsaturated mean |
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Definition
1. Saturated: is holding as much water or moisture as can be absorbed; thoroughly soaked.
Organic Molecule contains the greatest possible number of hydrogen atoms, and so having no carbon–carbon double or triple bonds.
2. Unsaturated: Orangic Molecule has a carbon–carbon double or triple bonds and therefore not containing the greatest possible number of hydrogen atoms for the number of carbons.
It is denoting fats containing a high proportion of fatty acid molecules with at least one double bond, considered to be healthier in the diet than saturated fats.
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Term
What molecules are composed in phospholipids? |
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Definition
1. Phosphate part is polar and hydrophilic
2. Lipids part is nonpolar and hydrophobic
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Term
Know what is unique about ALL phospholipids. |
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Definition
•The nonpolar ends are hydrophobic (hate water)
•Phospholipids aggregate into micelles in water
–Polar part interacts with water; nonpolar part is hidden in middle
•Makes a great plasma membrane |
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Term
Know what key molecule is necessary to make steroids |
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Definition
Steroids: Four Fused Rings
•Steroids are lipids that are:
–Are nonpolar and insoluble in water
–All have 4 fused carbon rings
•Three 6-carbon rings joined to a 5-carbon ring + a functional group
•Cholesterol is precursor for steroid hormones
•Different steroids = different functional groups
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Term
Know the functions proteins have in an organism |
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Definition
•Diverse functions (6):
–Structure - Defense
–Enzymes - Regulation
–Nutrient transport - Motion
•Proteins are extremely important to structure and function of cells
–As much as 50% of dry weight of cells
–Over 100,000 identified to date
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Term
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Definition
Proteins are polymers of amino acids.
*****R Group is what makes each amino acid unique. R = rest molecule. |
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Term
Know the basic structure of amino acids |
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Definition
Amino acids- have a two carbon bond.
- All amino acids found in proteins have this basic structure, differing only in the structure of the R-group or the side chain.. The simplest, and smallest, amino acid found in proteins is glycine for which the R-group is a hydrogen (H).
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Term
Know what differentiates one amino acid from another. |
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Definition
•Proteins must have correct shape to function properly.
•Four Levels of Protein Structure
•R Group is what makes each amino acid unique
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Term
Know the name of the bond formed between amino acids |
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Definition
Peptide is the amino acid formed between amino acids that links another amino acids together to form proteins.
•Peptide: two or more amino acids
–Two: dipeptide
–Three: tripeptide
–Many: polypeptide
•Protein: polypeptide that has been folded into a particular shape and has function
–May contain more than one polypeptide
•Each protein has its own sequence of amino acids, which determines its 3D shape
•Folding is caused by the interactions of the R Groups
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Term
Know why shape is important for proteins and what happens if the protein shape is not correct |
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Definition
P1 Answer: Proteins must have correct shape to function properly
P2 Answer: Denatured: protein has lost its natural shape (definition).
•Denatured proteins are not functional.
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Term
Know the 4 levels of protein structure. |
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Definition
1.Primary: sequence of amino acids
2.Secondary: polypeptide folds/coils in a particular way
•a helix and b sheet
•Caused by hydrogen bonding between amino acids
3.Tertiary: results in 3D shape
•Hydrogen bonds, covalent bonds, ionic bonds
•Hydrophobic regions
•Sensitive to temperature and pH
4.Quaternary: more than one polypeptide
•Not present in ALL protiens |
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Term
Know the differences between DNA and RNA |
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Definition
1.DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
•Genetic material that stores information about:
–How to make proteins
•Double helix
2.RNA: ribonucleic acid
•Intermediate between DNA and protein
•Single-stranded |
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Term
Know the general structure of DNA and RNA |
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Definition
The main difference between DNA and RNA is the sugar present in the molecules. While the sugar present in a RNA molecule is ribose, the sugar present in a molecule of DNA is deoxyribose. Deoxyribose is the same as ribose, except that the former has one more OH.
Look at powepoint Table 3.4 (for chart) |
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Term
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Definition
•DNA unite all life
•So does a common “set” of chemicals (elements) use to build complex molecules that are used in every living organism
•We divide the molecules into two major groups
–Inorganic
–Organic |
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Term
| What are the carbon skeleton or backbone is? |
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Definition
•Carbon chain of organic molecule = skeleton = backbone |
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Term
What are functional groups? |
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Definition
•are a cluster of specific atoms that always chemically react in
the same way.
–When attached to a carbon skeleton gives the compound its
chemical characteristics.
–How the compound in chemical reactions.
•Functional groups are more reactive than the carbon skeleton and contain:
–Oxygen
–Nitrogen
–Phosphorus
–Sulfur |
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Term
Know the differences between monosaccharides & disaccharides. |
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Definition
The body requires less effort to break down monosaccharides, resulting in easier digestion and more energy for the body than
disaccharides. Monosaccharides include fructose, glucose and galactose, while disaccharides include lactose, sucrose and maltose.
Both are a form of carbohydrate called simple sugars. Monosaccharides contain one sugar and disaccharides contain two sugars, and for a disaccharide to form, two monosaccharides must come together via a covalent bond. |
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Term
| Polysaccharides as Structural Molecules |
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Definition
•Cellulose in plants
–Most abundant carbohydrate on Earth
–Digested by microbes but not us
•Chitin in animals and fungi
–Monomers have amino group (NH2) attached
–Cannot be digested by animals
•Peptidoglycan in bacteria
–Monomers have amino acid chain
–Capsule around the bacteria cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
•Organic molecules contain carbon and hydrogen
•Only four classes of organic biomolecules
–Carbohydrates
–Lipids
–Proteins
–Nucleic Acids
•ALLorganic substances contain carbon but some substances containing carbon are considered inorganic
–Diamonds
–Car tires |
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Term
Monosaccharides
= Monomer
***Monomers are single building blocks. |
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Definition
- Include fructose, glucose and galactose,
•Called simple sugars (Monomer)
•Carbon Backbone: 3-7 carbons
•Have many hydroxyl groups (OH) making them polar molecules (participate in chem reactions)
•Glucose:
–Main source of fuel for cells
–Hexose – 6 Carbons
•Isomers are fructose and galactose
•Ribose and deoxyribose: pentoses – 5 Carbons (important for DNA/RNA)
*****No further hydrolyzing is not possible.
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Term
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Definition
- Inculde lactose, sucrose and maltose.
•Other disaccharides:
–Sucrose: glucose + fructose = table sugar
–Lactose: glucose + galactose = milk
*****Sucrose cannot be hydrolyzed (adding water to cleave chemical bonds) but other disaccharides can be.
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Term
| What is unique about lipids? |
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Definition
Lipids are a long-term energy, insulation, protect organs, cholestrol -> precursor of sex hormones, vitamin storage (A, D, E, K), water-proofing for birds, cutin (plant wax for leaf coating). Insoluble in water, non-polar nature. |
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Term
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Definition
Carbon is the backbone of life Living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds. Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large, complex, and diverse molecules. Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other molecules that distinguish living matter are all composed of carbon compounds |
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Term
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Definition
•Hydrocarbon chains consist of only hydrogen and carbon
•Large nonpolar molecules making them insoluble in water
5 Types of Lipids:
1. Fats
2. Oils
3. Phospholipids
4. Steroids
5. Waxes |
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Term
Functions of the 5 types of Lipids |
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Definition
1. Fats: long-term energy storage and insulation in animals (human uses: Butter &Lard)
2. Oils: long-term energy storage in plants and their seeds (cooking oils). Insoluble in H2O (doesn't dissolve).
3. Phospholipids: Component of plasma membrane.
4. Steroids: Component of plasma membrabe (cholesterol), sex hormones (medicines).
5. Waxes: Protection, prevent water loss (cuticle of plant surfaces), beeswax, and earwax. (Candles & polishes). |
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Term
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Definition
- Fats and oils are not polymers like carbohydrates and proteins.
- Lipids are made up of fatty acids and glycerol. The most common arrangement is found in triglycerides.
- Fatty acids have an acid group and a side chain group.
- If the R group has single bonds, the fatty acid is saturated. If it has double bonds, it is unsaturated.
- Phospholipids are important in cell membranes.
- The presence of lipids can be checked with the emulsion test.
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Term
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Definition
•Long-chain fatty acids + long-chain alcohols
•Solid at room temperature
•Waterproof, resistant to degradation
•Waxy coatings on fruit, honeycombs that bees make, duck feathers
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Term
| What monomers that make proteins? |
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Definition
• Amino Acids
•Peptide: two or more amino acids
–Two: dipeptide
–Three: tripeptide
–Many: polypeptide
***Monomers are single building blocks. |
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