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Marginal Zone
•Info. Associated with pain, mainly temp. |
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Substantia Gelatinosa
•pain perception
•uses neuropeptides (endorphins, enkephalin)
•damage can cause loss in pain perception |
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Nucleus Proprius
•Neurons in each lamina are different but appear to be working together
•Cells act as interneurons -> involved in communication in reflex arcs |
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Clarke’s Column
•Sensory information associated with position sense
•Information is sent to the cerebellum, which gives the forebrain a 3D image of the body
•Incredibly sensitive to alcohol -> forces the cortex to do what the cerebellum usually does -> difficulty coordinating movements |
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Integration area
•Moving more into motor area
•Integrates sensory and motor information |
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main motor region
•Contains anterior horn cells
•Info. Sent out to tissues
•Gets information from Lamina VIII |
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Main Intermediate Zone
•another major integration zone |
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•Innervates biceps, brachialis, covering skin, parts of the forearm
•Damage -> inability to lift arm |
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•innervates inside of the forearm, thumb, first two fingers
oresponsible for flexing forearm and hand
•damage -> “ape hand” – degeneration of tissue in the thumb muscles causes the thumb to fall back like an ape’s hand
•repeated abuse -> carpal tunnel syndrome (building up of connective tissue around median nerve) |
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| ulnar nerve or “funny bone” |
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•flexors in last two fingers
•damage -> inability to flex ring and pinky fingers (“claw hand”) |
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•innervates deltoid
•allows the arm to move away from the body |
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•innervates extensors in the arm – triceps, back of the hand and forearm
•damage -> inability to extend arm; inability to flex wrist (“wrist drop”) |
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•Innervates muscles on anterior side of the leg
•Flex hip, extend knee |
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•Innervates inner leg muscles (adductors)
•Brings legs together |
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| •Innervates all other leg muscles (largest spinal nerve in the body) |
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•White matter is composed of myelinated processes
•Myelin gives tissue a whitish color -> white matter |
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| gray matter is composed of groups of neuron cell bodies |
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| Hollow center within the spinal cord that was left open when the neural tube was sealed. Its filled with cerebrospinal fluid |
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•Where the Ventral root and dorsal root coalesce to form one tube
•spinal nerves contain both sensory and motor processes -> spinal nerve damage likely results in destruction of sensory and motor functions |
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Definition
•A reflex occurs when a stimulus triggers a sensory nerve. That nerve travels back to the spinal cord and synapses onto an interneuron which in turn synapses onto a motor neuron. The motor neuron is activated and triggers a characteristic action.
•A reflex arc does not travel to the brain and hence is very fast
•forebrain oversees reflexes and may allow/inhibit/modify them (the spinal cord must communicate with the forebrain so that reflexes don’t “take over” the body)
•brain inhibits reflexes via inhibitory neurotransmitters -> triggers hyperpolarization to prevent continuous reflexes |
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| What happens to reflexes when communication w/ the forebrain breaks down? |
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•When communication with the forebrain breaks down, there are no inhibitions on reflexes. Under such ircumstances, spasticity may occur.
•spasticity -> initial stretch causes the opposite muscle to contract, which causes the first muscle to stretch again, etc. |
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•An area of skin innervated by a single set of spinal nerves
•Every region in the body can be associated with a spinal nerve
•mainly deal with sensory functions |
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| an arrangement of nerve fibers |
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| What are the important nerves in the brachial plexus (C4-T2)? |
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Definition
• Musculocutaneous nerve
• Median nerve
• ulnar nerve or “funny bone”
• Axillary nerve
• radial nerve
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| What are the important nerves of the lumbosacral plexus? |
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Definition
• Sacral nerve
• Obturator nerve
• Femoral nerve
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