Term
| one gene, one enzyme hypothesis |
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Definition
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Term
| one gene, one polypeptide hypothesis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| repeating unit of proteins; consists of an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable R group |
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Definition
| chemical bond that connects amino acids in a protein |
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Definition
| chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds; also called a protein |
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Definition
| codon that specifies an amino acid in a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the fact that the genetic code contains more information than is needed to specify all 20 common amino acids |
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Definition
| different codons that specify the same amino acid |
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Definition
| different tRNAs with different anticodons that specify the same amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| base pairing between codon and anticodon in which there is nonstandard pairing, usually at the third (3') position of the codon; allows more than one codon to pair with the same anticodon |
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Term
| nonoverlapping genetic code |
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Definition
| refers to the fact that, generally, each nucleotide is a part of only one codon and encodes only one amino acid in a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| particular way in which a nucleotide sequence is read in groups of three nucleotides (codons) in translation; each reading frame begins with a start codon and ends with a stop codon |
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Term
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Definition
| the codon in mRNA that specifies the first amino acid (fMET in bacterial cells; Met in eukaryotic cells) of a protein; most commonly AUG |
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Term
stop (termination or nonsense)
codon |
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Definition
| codon in mRNA that signals the end of translation; UAA, UAG, UGA |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the fact that particular codons specify the same amino acids in almost all organisms |
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Term
| aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase |
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Definition
| enzyme that attaches an amino acid to a tRNA; each aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase is specific for a particular amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical reaction in which an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase attaches an amino acid to its corresponding tRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| protein required for the initiation of translation in bacterial cells |
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Term
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Definition
| initiation complex consisting of the small subunit of ribosome, the mRNA, the initiator tRNA with its amino acid (met), one molecule of GTP and several initiation factors |
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Term
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Definition
| a large subunit and the 30S initiation complex |
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Term
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Definition
| all charged tRNAs (with the exception of initiator tRNA) first enter the A site in translation |
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Term
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Definition
| in the elongation stage of protein synthesis, tRNAs move from the aminoacyl (A) site into the P site |
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Term
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Definition
| in the elongation stage of translation, the tRNA moves from the peptidyl (P) site to the E site from which it then exits the ribosome |
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Term
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Definition
| protein taking part in the elongation stage of protein synthesis; forms a complex with GTP and a charged amino acid and then delivers the charged tRNA to the ribosome |
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Term
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Definition
| protein that regenerates elongation factor Tu in the elongation stage of protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of a ribosome along mRNA in the course of translation |
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Term
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Definition
| protein that combines with GTP and is required for movement of the ribosome along the mRNA during translation |
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Term
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Definition
| protein required for the termination of translation; binds to a ribosome when a stop codon is reached and stimulates the release of the polypeptide chain, the tRNA, and the mRNA from the ribosome |
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Definition
| messenger RNA molecule with several ribosomes attached to it |
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Definition
| mechanisms for the detection and elimination of mRNAs that contain errors that may create problems in the course of translation |
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Definition
| molecule that assists in the proper folding of another molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| from 15 to 30 amino acids that are found at the amino end of some eukaryotic proteins and direct the protein to specific locations in the cell; usually cleaved from the protein |
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