Equations of linear motion

Total horizontal distance traveled by a projectile=

v=v_o+at

(x_f-x_o)=v_ot+¹/₂at²

[image]v²=v_o²+2a(x_f-x_o)

x=v_oxt

Torque=

a_c=

F_c=

For a planet orbiting the star, the F_c=

Torque=rFsin(angle)

a_c=v²/r

F_c=ma=mv²/r

For a planet orbiting the star, the F_c= the gravitational force.

As the angle of incline increases, what happens to the normal force?

Diameter=

Circumference=

As the angle of incline increases, the normal force decreases.

Diameter=2[image]r

Circumference=d[image]

Work=

When w=0 for a nonconservative force, the total mechanical energy=

...but when friction or air resistance is present, mechanical energy...

Work=Fdcos(angle)

(so if the angle>90, work<0)

When w=0 for a nonconservative force, the total mechanical energy=ΔKE+ΔPE

...but when friction or air resistance is present, mechanical energy is NOT conserved.

Efficiency=

Momentum=

Impulse=

Efficiency=W_out=weightXdistance

                             W_in    effortXdistance

Momentum=p=mv

Impulse=J=Ft=mv-mv_o=Δp

When the net impulse of an external force acting on a system is zero, what happens to the total momentum?

Center of mass=

When is the center of mass and center of gravity equal?

When the net impulse of an external force acting on a system is zero, the total momentum is constant. (J=Δp)

Center of mass=x=m₁x₁+m₂x₂

                                              m₁+m₂

Center of mass and center of gravity are equal as long as gravity is constant.

Identify the following for mass-spring systems and simple pendulum systems

                          Mass-Spring      Simple Pendulum

k (force constant):

T (period):

ω (angular frequency):

f (frequency):

K (kinetic energy):

   K_max:

U (potential energy):

   U_max:

Max acceleration at:

How does an electron jump from a lower energy state to a higher energy state (n=1 to n=2)?

 Explain the process of fluorescence.

In order for an electron to jump from a lower energy to a higher energy state, the electron must absorb a photon with exactly the right frequency.

The energy gained must=the energy gap b/w the two energy states.

 Fluorescence:

A UV photon is absorbed by an electron causing it to gain energy and jump to a higher energy state.

The electron loses a little bit of energy when transferring from the excited state to a lesser excited state.

While the electron is finally returning to its ground state, it emits a photon w/in the visible light spectrum.

Explain alpha decay.

Explain beta decay.

 Explain gamma decay.

Alpha Decay is the decay involving emission of an alpha particle (⁴₂He).

^A_zX -> ^A-4_z-2X' + α

Two different types of beta decay:

1.Beta-Minus Decay= emission of an β^- particle (an electron)

 ^A_zX -> ^A_z+1X' + β^-

2.Beta-Plus Decay= emission of a β⁺ particle (a positron)

^A_zX -> ^A_z-1X' + β⁺

Gamm decay is decay that involves the emission of gamma particles which are high-energy photons. **so the daughter nucleus has less energy than the parent nucleus**

Gamma decay does not change the identity of the isotope.

^A_zX* -> ^A_zX' + γ