Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A mature virus outside the host cell |
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Term
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Definition
| the cell that is being infected |
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Term
| What is the chemical receptor of a host cell? |
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Definition
| a specific glycoprotein on the host cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| a virus that infects bacteria; (to eat) |
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Term
| What is the cell of a bacteriophage? |
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Definition
| where the nucleic acid is injected after viral enzymes have digested a hole in the cell wall |
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Term
| What happens during a lytic (separation) infection? |
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Definition
| the virus commandeers the cells reproductive machinery and begins reproducing new viruses |
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Term
| What is the eclipse period? |
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Definition
| the period before the first fully formed virion appears |
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Term
| What is the latent period? |
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Definition
| the period from infection to lysis |
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Term
| What is a virulent virus? |
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Definition
| a virus following a lytic cycle |
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Term
| What happens in a lysogenic infection? |
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Definition
| the viral DNA is incorporated into the host genome |
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Term
| What is a temperate virus? |
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Definition
| a virus in a lysogenic cycle |
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Term
| What does it mean when a virus is dormant or latent? |
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Definition
| when the virus shows no symptoms of infection |
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Term
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Definition
| a virus that is latent or dormant |
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Term
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Definition
| before eaten; when a bacterium is dormant or latent |
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Term
| What is a unenveloped plus-strand RNA virus responsible for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are enveloped plus-strand RNA viruses? |
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Definition
| the retroviiruses like the virus that causes AIDS |
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Term
| What do retroviruses carry? |
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Definition
| the enzyme reverse transcriptase in order to create DNA from its RNA |
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Term
| What is minus stranded RNA viruses? |
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Definition
| includes measles, rabies, and the flu; the complement to mRNA and must be transcribed to plus-RNA before being translated |
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Term
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Definition
| small rings of naked RNA without capsids and only infect plants |
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Term
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Definition
| naked proteins that cause infections in animals and are capable of reproducing themselves w/o DNA or RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| either and injection of antibodies or an injection of a nonpathogenic virus in the same capside or evelope |
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Term
| What does the structure of a virus consist of? |
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Definition
| capsid, nucleic acid, and lipid rich protein envelope |
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Term
| What does the structure of a virus consist of? |
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Definition
| capsid, nucleic acid, and lipid rich protein envelope |
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Term
| What does the structure for a bacteriophage consist of? |
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Definition
| tail, base plate, and tail fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| they do not have a membrane bound nucleus; they spit into 2 domains: bacteria and archaea |
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Term
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Definition
| more similar to eukaryotes than prokaryotes; found in extreme environments; cell walls are not made from peptidoglycan |
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Term
| What belongs in the group bacteia(small rod)? |
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Definition
| most prokaryotes belong to this group |
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Term
| What does fixing CO2 mean? |
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Definition
| reducing it and using the carbon to create organic molecules usually through a process called the Calvin cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| supplying ones own food (self noursih); capable of using CO2 as their sole source of carbon |
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Term
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Definition
| (different or other) use preformed, organic molecules as their source of carbon. |
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Term
| How do organisms acquire energy? |
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Definition
| by light or oxidation of organic or inorganic matter |
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Term
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Definition
| organsims that use light as their energy source |
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Term
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Definition
| those that use oxidation of organic or ingorganic matter |
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Term
| What type of cell can aquire energy from an inorganic source other than light? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does fixing nitrogen mean? |
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Definition
| the process by which N2 is converted to ammonia; |
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Term
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Definition
| since most plants are unable to use ammonia they must wait for other bacteria to further process the nitrogen; it is a 2 step process that creates nitrates |
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Term
| What is the main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? |
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Definition
| Prokaryotes (before nucleus) lack a nucleus but has a single circular double stranded molecule of DNA; eurkaryotes have at least 1 nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| a structure visible under a light microscope AKA chromatin body, nuclear region, or nuclear clear body; it is not enclosed by a membrane |
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Term
| What are the 2 major shapes of bacteria? |
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Definition
| cocci (round) and bacilli (rod shaped) |
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Term
| What is the shape of the bacteria spirilla? |
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Definition
| Helically shaped bacteria that is rigid |
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Term
| What is the shape of the bacteria spirochetes? |
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Definition
| Helically shaped bacteria that is coiled |
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Term
| Prokaryotes do not contain what? |
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Definition
| complex, membrane-bound organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| invaginations of the plasma membrane; may or may not be found in prokaryotes |
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Term
| What are inclusion bodies? |
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Definition
| found in prokaryotes; granules of organic or inorganic matter that may be visible under a light microscope |
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Term
| What is the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
| a phospholipid bilayer that surrounds prokaryotes in the cytosol |
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Term
| What is a phospholipd composed of? |
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Definition
| phosphate group, 2 fatty acid chains, and a glycerol backbone |
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Term
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Definition
| formed when amphipathic molecules aggregate turning their polar ends toward the solution and their nonpolar ends towards each other (soap & water) |
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Term
| What are integral (intrinsic) proteins? |
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Definition
| amphipathic proteins that traverse the membrane from the inside of the cell to the outside |
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Term
| What are peripheral (extrinsic) proteins? |
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Definition
| situated entirely on the surface of the membrane; ionically bonded to integral proteins or the polar group of a lipid |
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Term
| What is the fluid mosaic model? |
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Definition
A model that describes the structure of
cell membranes. In this model, a flexible layer made of lipid molecules is interspersed with large protein molecules that act as channels through which other molecules enter and leave the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| moving from an area of high concentraion to low concentration |
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Term
| What is a chemical concentration gradient? |
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Definition
| a gradual change in concentration of a compound over a distance |
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Term
| Explain electrical gradient |
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Definition
| pointing in the direction that is positively charged particles will tend to move |
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Term
| Explain the electrochemical gradient |
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Definition
| a spatial variation of both electrical potential and chemical concentration across a membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| a membrane that will allow some molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion |
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Term
| What aspects affect its semipermability? |
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Definition
| size and polarity; the the larger the molecule the less permeable the membrane to the molecule; the greater the polarity of a molecule the less permeable the membrane to that molecule is |
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Term
| Explain passive diffusion |
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Definition
| diffusion when molecules move through leakage channels across the membrane due to random motion |
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Term
| What is the purpose of transport or carrier proteins? |
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Definition
| designed to facilitate the diffusion of specific molecules across the membrane |
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Term
| Explain facilitated diffusion |
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Definition
| a process of passive transport, facilitated by integral proteins. Facilitated diffusion is the spontaneous passage of molecules or ions across a biological membrane passing through specific transmembrane integral proteins. |
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Term
| Explain selectively permeable |
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Definition
| able to select between molecules of similar size and charge (facilitated diffusion does this to membranes) |
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Term
| What is active transport? |
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Definition
| is the movement of a substance against its electrochemical gradient (from low to high concentration). |
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Term
| Explain hypertonic bacteria |
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Definition
| (hyper:above) the aqueous solution of thier cytosol contains more particules than the aqueous solution surrounding them |
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Term
| Explain isotonic bacteria |
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Definition
| (iso:same) where the cytosol contains the same amount of particules |
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Term
| Explain hypotonic bacteria |
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Definition
| (hypo:below) where the cytosol contains less particules |
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Term
| What is hydrostatic pressure? |
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Definition
| the pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium due to the force of gravity |
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Term
| What is osmotic pressure? |
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Definition
| pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane |
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Term
| What is the cell wall of bacteria called and explain it. |
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Definition
| Peptidoglycan which is a series of dissaccharide polymer chains with amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| used to prepare bacteria for viewing under a light microscope |
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Term
| Explain gram positive bacteria |
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Definition
| its thick peptidoglycan cell wall prevents the gram stain from leaking out; show up as purple |
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Term
| Explain gram negative bacteria |
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Definition
| appear pink when gram stained;their thin peptidoglycan cell wall allows most of the gram stain to be washed off; it has a phospholipid bilayer outside the cell wall; the 2nd membrane is more permeable than the first |
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Term
| What are most bacteria wrapped in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the differnce between the slime layer and capusle that wraps bacteria? |
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Definition
| slime layers are easily washed off while capsules are not; capsules can protect the bacterium |
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Term
| What is fimbriae or pili? |
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Definition
| found in some gram negative bacteria and are short tentacles that can attach a bacterium to a solid surface |
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Term
| What is bacteria flagella? |
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Definition
| long, hollow, rigid, helical cylinderrs made from a globular protein called flagellin |
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Term
| What are the 3 forms of genetic recombination in bacteria? |
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Definition
| conjugation, transformation, and transduction |
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Term
| What is binary(split) fission? |
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Definition
| a type of cell division that is a type of asexual reproduction |
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Term
| Explain the origin of replication |
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Definition
| is a particular sequence in a genome at which replication is initiated (same spot) |
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Term
| Explain conjugation of genetic recombination of bacteria |
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Definition
| 1st method; requires that one of the bacterium have a plamid with a gene that codes for the sex pilus |
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Term
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Definition
| small circles of DNA that exist and replicate idependently of the bacteria chromosome |
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Term
| How is conjugation initiated? |
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Definition
| must contain a conjugative plasmid which possess the gene for the sex pilus |
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Term
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Definition
| a hollow protein tube that connects two bacteria to allow the passage of DNA |
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Term
| What is the F plasmid (F factor or fertility factor)? |
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Definition
| is a bacterial DNA sequence that allows a bacterium to produce a sex pilus necessary for conjugation. |
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Term
| What does the F+ and F- mean in the F factor? |
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Definition
F+: bacterium with the F factor
F-: bacterium without the F Factor |
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Term
| Explain transformation of genetic recombination |
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Definition
| the process by which bacteria may incorporate DNA from their external environment into their genome |
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Term
| Explain transdution of genetic recombination |
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Definition
| in which the DNA from one bacterium is transferred to other bacterium with the help of a viral vector. Also defined as a process by which a foreign DNA from a cell is introduced in other cell through a virus. |
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Term
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Definition
| a distinct kingdom of organisms; eukaryotic heterotrophs and spend most of their lives in the haploid state; they can reproduce sexually or asexually |
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Term
| Why are fungi eukaryotic heterotrophs? |
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Definition
| because they obtain their food by absorption rather than ingestion |
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Term
| What does saprophytic mean ? |
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Definition
| to live off dead organic matter |
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Term
| What are the cells walls of fungi? |
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Definition
| septa(fence or wall) made of the polysaccharide chitin |
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Term
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Definition
| is the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a long, branching filamentous structure of a fungus; main mode of vegetative growth |
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Term
| What is the growth stage of fungi? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersal and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions |
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Term
| How does asexual reproduction occur in yeast? |
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Definition
| by budding(aka cell fission) in which a smaller cell pinches off from the single parent cell |
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