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# electron domains around atom=2
hybridization
angle
geometry |
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# electron domains around atom=3
hybridization
angle
geometry |
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# electron domains around atom=4
hybridization
angle
geometry |
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more electron density effect on angles
(such as a pi bond) |
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| more repulsion= a little bit bigger angle |
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| the stronger the acid, the __ conjugate base |
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CARDO
charge, atom, resonance, dipole induction, orbitals |
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| more negative charges species are more basic |
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| the larger (vertical) and more electronegative (horiz) the more stable it is =weaker |
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| resonance= e- stability = stability= weaker |
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| EWG near the negatively charged atom stabilizes it= makes weaker |
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| more stable: sp > sp2 > sp3 |
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whats the strongest base?
:CH3-
:OH-
NH2- |
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Definition
hydrogen bonding
dipole-dipole
london despertion/van der waals |
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interactions btw molecules w/permanent dipole moments
H-Cl---H-Cl |
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| london despertion/ van der waals |
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Definition
all molecules have these, even non polar
weakest
spnt dipole goes away |
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| Rank boiling points w/ intermolecule forces |
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Definition
network covalent (diamond)
ionic
H bond
dipole
london |
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Term
| high BP means -- vapor pressure |
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Definition
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Term
| branching ___ boiling point ____ melting point |
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Definition
decreases BP
increases MP |
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Term
strong intermolecular forces affect
__BP
__VP
__Melting point
__surface tension
__viscosity |
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Definition
| increases all but vapor point |
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Term
| if a cmpd has impurities what would the melting point do? |
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Definition
| impurities lower and broaden the range of melting point |
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Term
| normally cmpd has a melting point =120, but you measure your cmpd at 118. Is it the same cmpd? What if you measure 122-125? |
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Definition
118 yes, just not as pure, thus lower than 120
122-125- no impurities never cause melting point to rise |
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| 3 functional groups that can be removed in acid base extractions in the water layer? |
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Definition
Amines, NH2
Carboxylic acids
Phenols |
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Term
Acid base extraction:
want to remove R-NH2 use: |
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Definition
| HCL makes it NH3+, polar and therefore in water |
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Term
Acid base extraction
want to remove carboxylic acid use: |
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Definition
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Acid base extraction
want to remove phenol use: |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 solvents to come across and the densities |
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Definition
ether (least)
water
methylene chloride CH2Cl2 (most dense) |
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| how to get rid of the water that now has your charged cmpd in it? |
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Definition
| if you added acid to make the cmpd polar and go into the water, use base to make it non-polar again to make it ppt |
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Term
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Definition
| Liq w/ LOW BP distill before high BP |
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Term
| thin layer chromatography TLC |
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Definition
seperate via polarity
more polar, bottom=low Rf
less polar, top =big Rf |
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| TLC, you get super low Rf values, solution: |
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Definition
| use more polar solvent to make everything travel further |
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seperatation via BP
cmpd w/low BP eluted first
areas of triangles under peak give abdundances, can calc % |
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| purification due to solubility |
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| solute has __solubility at high temps |
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| electrophile and nucleophile |
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| SN1 rxn where Nu- is the solvent |
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| 5 polar aprotic solvents to know: |
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Definition
DMSO
acetone
DMF
acetonitrile
ethers |
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| unreactive aryl and vinyl halides. LG cannot leave |
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| tert butoxide bulky base always E2 |
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E2 and SN2, only for 2
SN2 1
E2 only 3 |
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