Term
| Releasing and inhibiting factors |
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Definition
| Gland: hypothalamus Target: anterior pituitary / modify activity |
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Term
| CRF - corticotropin releasing factor |
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Definition
gland: hypothalamus
target: upregulation of ACTH in anterior pituitary > upregulates cortisol release > releases fat stores |
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Term
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Definition
Gland: anterior pituitary
target: increase bone and muscle growth, increase cell turnover rate |
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Term
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Definition
Gland: anterior pituitary
target: mammary gland / milk production |
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Term
| thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) |
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Definition
gland: anterior pituitary
target: increase thyroid hormone > increase metabolic rate and body temp. |
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Term
| adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
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Definition
gland: anterior pituitary
target: adrenal cortex / cortisol > growth and response to stress |
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Term
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Definition
gland: anterior pituitary
target: ovaries for start of ovulation / testes for testosterone synthesis |
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Term
| follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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Definition
gland: anterior pituitary
target: ovaries for follicle development / testes for spermatogenesis |
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Term
| antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) |
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Definition
gland: posterior pituitary
target: kidneys / water retention
makes distal tubule permeable to water |
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Term
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Definition
gland: posterior pituitary
target: milk production / uterine contractions |
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Term
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Definition
gland: thyroid
target: metabolic rate and temp increase in all cells / child development |
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Term
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Definition
gland: thyroid (C cells)
target: bone calcification / kidney > lowers [Ca2+]
inhibits osteoclasts, decreases reabsorption of Ca2+ |
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Term
| parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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Definition
gland: parathyroid
target: bone decalcification / kidney / small intestine > raises [Ca2+] (indirectly)
ol |
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Term
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Definition
gland: thymus
target: T cell development |
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Term
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Definition
gland: adrenal medulla
target: sympathetic response (rapid)
secondary target inside cell! (cAMP) |
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Term
| cortisol (glucocorticoid) |
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Definition
gland: adrenal cortex
target: long-term stress response, increase in glucose and protein catabolism, decrease in immune response |
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Term
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Definition
gland: adrenal cortex
target: kidney > sodium reabsorption > water reabsorption > increase BP |
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Term
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Definition
gland: pancreas
target: lower [glucose], increase glycogen and fat storage
absent or ineffective in diabetes |
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Term
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Definition
gland: pancreas
target: increase blood glucose, decrease glycogen and fat storage |
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Term
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Definition
gland: pancreas
target: inhibit digestion |
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Term
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Definition
gland: interstitial cells of testes
target: spermatogenesis (division), male development (conversion to DHT in target tissues, Wolffian duct development) |
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Term
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Definition
gland: ovaries
target: endometrial growth, female characteristics, control of menstrual cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| gland: ovaries target: endometrial secretion (not menstruation!), pregnancy |
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Term
| atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) |
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Definition
gland: heart
target: kidney > increase urination to reduce blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
gland: kidney
target: bone marrow > increase RBC synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
nerves: parasympathetic autonomic and somatic; all preganglionic neurons
parasympathetic stimulation and skeletal muscle control |
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Term
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Definition
nerves: sympathetic postganglionic autonomic
serves to excite fight or flight targets |
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Term
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Definition
gland: JG cells
target: converts angotensinogen to angiotensin I > angiotensin II > raise BP + aldosterone stimulation
enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
gland: epithelial cells / kidneys
target: maintains constant pH by creating HCO3- and H+, either of which can be secreted to keep cytosolic / tract pH constant
enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
gland: pancreas / saliva
target: breakdown triglycerides to fatty acids
enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
gland: saliva / pancreas
target: breakdown starches to disaccharides
enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
gland: brush border epithelials
target: breakdown sucrose to glucose and fructose |
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Term
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Definition
gland: chief cells in stomach
target: protein breakdown
enzyme
starts in acid-activated zymogen form pepsinogen |
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Term
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Definition
gland: saliva / tears
target: breakdown some bacterial cell
walls
enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
gland: duodenum
target: constrict pyloric sphincter (slow down food movement from stomach), activate bile release in response to high fats, pancreas
hormone |
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Term
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Definition
gland: duodenum
target: converts trypsinogen from pancreas to trypsin (protease) |
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Term
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Definition
gland: duodenum
target: stimulates pancreas to raise duodenum pH when pH is low
hormone |
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Term
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Definition
gland: duodenum
target: decreases rate of stomach emptying
hormone |
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Term
| intrinsic factors (rel. to GI) |
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Definition
gland: jejunum
target: ileum, absorption of vitamins and other special compounds by binding a protein to them (the factor) |
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Term
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Definition
gland: colonic bacteria in large intestine
target: blood clotting |
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Term
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Definition
gland: pancreas
target: breakdown DNA and RNA in food |
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Term
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Definition
gland: liver
target: convert G6P to glucose to increase serum [glucose], only found in liver |
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Term
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Definition
gland: liver
target: breakdown products of hemoglobin > bile > excretion |
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Term
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Definition
gland: liver
target: act as fatty acid carriers in bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
gland: liver
target: maintain blood osmolarity by retaining water molecules |
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Term
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Definition
gland: liver
target: emulsifies lipids for uptake by lymphatic lacetals in small intestine villi |
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Term
| histamine (rel. to stomach) |
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Definition
gland: G cells in stomach
target: stimulate acid release by chief cells in stomach |
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Term
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Definition
gland: fetus
target: left-shifted hemoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen, allowing the baby to steal O2 from the mother (with the downside of not delivering as much O2) |
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Term
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Definition
gland: blood
target: blood clots / platelets (converted to fibrin by thrombin in platelets) |
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Term
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Definition
gland: kidney (PCT)
target: increased reabsorption of phosphorus and Ca2+ in kidneys following parathyroid hormone stimulation
hormone |
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Term
| Mullerian Inhibiting Factor |
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Definition
gland: embryonic testes
target: inhibit Mullerian duct development / cause regression of Mullerian ducts |
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Term
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Definition
gland: interstitial cells of testes
target: inhibits release of FSH and LH by negative feedback when testosterone levels are high |
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Term
| gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) |
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Definition
gland: hypothalamus
target: stimulate FSH and LH release in response to environmental and physiological factors, such as a change in hormone levels to signal ovulation |
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Term
| Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) |
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Definition
gland: developing chorion of embryo
target: replaces LH to stimulate estrogen release from corpus luteum during pregnancy, esp. first trimester |
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Term
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Definition
gland: acrosome head of spermatozoa
target: makes head of sperm sticky rel. to egg |
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