This is the series of flattened, membrane bound sacs.

Small transport vesicles bud off from the ER and carry the proteins into the ER lumen as they are created.

Packages proteins into vesicles to become secretory vesicles or lysosomes.

May contain enzymes, growth factors, or extracellular matrix components that release through exocytosis.

This acts as a mechanism of providing the membrane with integral proteins and lipids and a means of membrane expansion.

Site of lipid synthesis including steroids. The smooth ER also helps to detoxify some drugs.

Produces triglycerides and stores them in fat droplets.

Cholesterol formation and conversion to steroids.

Cells containing predominately fat droplets.

Important for energy storage and body temperature regulation.

Vesicles in the cytosol.

They grow by incorporating lipids and proteins from the cytosol.

Self replicate.

Involved in the production and breakdown of hydrogen peroxide.

Inactivate toxic substances

Play a role in the synthesis/breakdown of lipids, and in the metabolism of nitrogenous bases and carbohydrates.

The structure and motility of a cell determined by a network of filaments.

Anchors some membrane proteins and other cellular components within the cell and moves the cell.

Large rigid, hollow tubes made from tubulin protein.

Involved in flagella and cilia construction and the spindle apparatus.

Squeeze the membrane together in phagocytosis and cytokinesis and also are the contractile forces in micrtovilli and muscle.

actin is the major component

Join two cells at a single point attached directly at the cytoskeleton of each.

Found in tissue experiencing alot of stress.

(Like spot welding)

Small tunnels connecting cells.

Allow small ions and molecules to move between cells.

The powerhouses of hte eukaryotic cells.

Contains own circular DNA that independently replicates.

Surrounds by two phospholipid bilayers.

Inner membrane invaginates to form cristae.

Neuronal Communication

vs.

Hormonal Communication

N: rapid, direct, specific

H: slower, spread throughout the body, affect many cells and tissues in many diff ways.

Allows for rapid and direct communication between specific parts of the body resulting in changes in muscular contractions or glandular secretions.

brain, spinal cord, nerves and neural support cells, and certain sense organs.

The functional unit of the nervous system.

Consists of many dendrites, a single cell body, and usually one axon with many small branches.

Signal moves from the dendrites to the axon hillock where an action potential is generated and moves down the axon to the synapse.

Do not depend on insulin to obtain glucose.

3 positive Na ions out / 2 positive K in

This increases the positive charge along the membrane outside the cell relative the inner membrane.

The inside thus gets a negative potential relative to the outside (resting potential).

Establish resting potential

Transmit neural impulses from one cell to another chemically or electrically.

Slowest process of the nervous system cellular communication.

Unidirectional synapse.

THe slowest step in the tranfer of a nervous signal.

Can only transfer a signal in one direciton.

Receptors activate another molecule inside the cell to make changes.

Preferred for prolonged changes, i.e. memory.

Electrically insulting sheaths produced by Schwann cells.

Increases the rate at which an axon can transmit signals.

Myelinated axons appear white (while neuronal appear gray)

Receive signals from a receptor that interacts with its environment. This then transfers this signal to the neurons.

Located dorsally

Carry signals to a muscle or gland called the effector.

Located ventrally

Consists of the interneuron and support tissue within the brain and spinal cord.

Function is to integrate nervous signals between sensory and motor neurons.

Interneurons

Handles the sensory and motor functions of the nervous system.

Divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

Sensory and Motor Neurons

Designated to primarily respond to the external environment. Contains sensory and motor function.

Acetylcholine is used as a neurotransmitter.

Voluntary muscle control.

Signals primarily from the viscera.

Involuntary.

Divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.

The neurotransmitter used by all preganglionic neurons in the ANS and postganglionic neurons in the parasypathetic system.

Somatic and parasympathetic.

Post ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system.

Sympathetic Nervous sytem