Term
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Definition
- Cellular filaments that are composed of tubulin (protein)
- Larger than microfilaments
- Compose eukaryotic flagella & cilia
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Term
| Describe the structure of eukaryotic flagella and cilia. |
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Definition
- Axoneme-major portion
- 9+2 microtubule arrangement
- Dynein-protein that forms cross-bridges between each of the nine pairs
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Term
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Definition
| Major microtubule-organizing center in animal cells |
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Term
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Definition
- Smaller than microtubules
- Composed of actin (protein)
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Term
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Definition
| Watertight seal between cells that prevent water, ions, and other molecules from moving around and past cells |
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Term
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Definition
- Join two cells at a single point & attach directly to the cytoskeleton of each cell
- Found in tissues that experience a lot of stress
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Term
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Definition
- Small tunnels that connect cells
- Allow small molecules and ions to move between cells
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Term
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Definition
- Stimulus triggers depolarization of membrane (Na+ influx, rapid then slows)
- Potassium channels-begin to open slightly before peak & Na+ channels begin to deactivate
- Repolarization-K+ influx & Na+ channels deactivated
- Hyperpolarization
- K+ channels close & equilibrium is re-established
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Term
| Relative refractory period |
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Definition
| Time during which only an abnormally large stimulus will create an action potential |
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Term
| Absolute refractory period |
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Definition
| Period during which no stimulus will create another action potential |
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Term
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Definition
| Material that creates electrically insulating sheaths thereby increasing the speed by which any signal is conducted |
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Term
| What is the difference between white and gray matter? |
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Definition
- White matter-myelinated axons in brain
- Gray matter-unmyelinated axons in brain
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Term
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Definition
| Generation of an action potential down a myelinated axon that jumps from one node of Ranvier to the subsequent one |
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Term
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Definition
| Receive signals from a receptor cell that interacts with its environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Transfer signals from neuron to neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurons that carry signals to a muscle (motor) or gland (sensory) |
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Term
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Definition
| Bundle of neuronal processes (axons and dendrites) |
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Term
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Definition
- Brain
- Spinal cord
- Interneurons & support tissue
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Term
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Definition
- Somatic nervous system
- Autonomic nervous system
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Term
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Definition
- Designed to primarily respond to the external environment
- Motor neurons-ventral horns of the spinal cord
- Innervate skeletal muscles
- Sensory neurons-dorsal root ganglion
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Term
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Definition
- Mostly involuntary
- Sensory-receives signals from viscera (organs inside ventral body cavity)
- Motor-conducts signals to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
- Parasympathetic & sympathetic
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Term
| Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic |
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Definition
- Signal origin-spinal cord vs. brain or spinal cord
- Function-fight/flight vs. anti-fight/flight
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Term
| Where are each of the three neurotransmitters utilized? |
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Definition
- Acetylcholine-preganglionic neurons in the ANS and postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic
- Nor/epinephrine-postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic
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Term
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Definition
- Integrates subconscious activities
- Hypothalamus
- Thalamus
- Cerebellum
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Term
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Definition
- Store memories and processes thoughts
- Cerebrum
- Cerebral cortex
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Term
| How does light enter the eye? |
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Definition
- Cornea
- Iris-contains pupil
- Sympathetic-dilation
- Parasympathetic-contraction
- Lens-shape controlled by ciliary muscle
- Contraction-spherical; focal point closer
- Relaxation-flat; focal point farther
- Retina-rods & cones
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Term
| How do sound waves enter the ear? |
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Definition
- Pinna
- Tympanic membrane
- Malleus
- Incus
- Stapes
- Cochlea
- Hair cells (organ of Corti)
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