Term
|
Definition
| chromosomal location of gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromosomes that code for the same set of genes (with different alleles) one received from each parent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a heterozygote has the phenotype of the only 1 alleles (dominant) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separation of alleles in the haploid gametes (on different chromosomes) |
|
|
Term
| law of independent assortment |
|
Definition
| genes assort independently |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
phenotypes of the progeny are blends
(white, red= pink) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| both inherited alleles are completely expressed (blood types, ABO) |
|
|
Term
| homozygous dominant YY crossed with homozygous recessive yy |
|
Definition
| all heterozygous off spring Yy |
|
|
Term
| heterozygous cross Yy X Yy |
|
Definition
| 3/4 will be YY, Yy, Yy yellow |
|
|
Term
| dihybrid cross of heterozygotes YyRr ratio |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pleiotropism vs polygenism |
|
Definition
plei- when a gene has multiple phenotypes associated w/its expression
poly- when multiple genes affect 1 trait |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| probability an organism w/specific genotype will express a particular phenotype |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the variation of phenotype for a specific genotype |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rare
all male offspring get them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| males only get one X from mom |
|
|
Term
| Mitochondrial inheritance from mom |
|
Definition
| all offspring bc they all get mitochondria from mom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| female offspring only have single X chromosome from nondisjunction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| XXY male offspring have extra X from nondisjunction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
substituition, insertion, deletion
changes single nt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| point mutation leading to diff codon and diff AA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| point mutation leading to stop codon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insertion or deletion changes reading frame of gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
P2
M2
A2
T2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
G1: protein and dna synthesis prepare for replication, produce organelles
S: DNA replication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
longest
chromosomes condense to tetrad formation (homologous pairs)
recombination- diversity
disapperance of nuclear envelope and polarization of the centrioles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chromosomes line up on metaphase plate
spindle fibers attach at centromeres via kinetochores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
spindle fibers pull homologos chromosomes apart toward centrioles
cleaveage furrow begins forming
looks like an 8 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nuclear membranes refor
completion of cytokinesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chromosomes condense
disapperance of nuclear envelope and polarization of centrioles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate
spindle fibers attach at centromeres via kinetochores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart toward centrioles
cleavage furrow begins forming, looks like an "8" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nuclear membranes reform
completion of cytokinesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| failure of tetrads to seperate in M1 or sister chromatids in M2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of segment of one chromosome to another non-homologous chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
genes on the same chromosome that probably wont undergo independent assortment
(closer in location =greater linkage) |
|
|
Term
| hardy weinberg population must be |
|
Definition
in equilibrium, need assumptions
allele frequency doesnt change per generations |
|
|
Term
| assumptions for equilibirum |
|
Definition
1. random mating
2. no mutations
3. no selection (natural or otherwise)
4. no migration
5. large population size (no genetic drift) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
p + q =1 or p^2 +2pq +q^2=1
p- freq of dominant allele
q- freq of recessive allele
p^2 homo dom
q^2 homo rec
2pq heterozygous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability of organism to pass on alleles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reproduction based on fitness in environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| selection against extremes (for averages) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| selection against 1 extreme, favoring opposite extreme |
|
|
Term
| disruptive/ divergent selection |
|
Definition
| selection against averages (for exteremes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| directional selection done by humans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| differential mating btw males and females |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multiple phenoypes exist within a population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an inherited trait that makes for great fitness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased liklihood of mating btw organism w/similar genotypes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased likelihood of mating btw organims w/different genotypes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
random change in allel freq in population
more problem for small pop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dramatic decrease in population size making it susceptible to genetic drift |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similarities in stages of dev (ontogeny_ can be used to determine evolutionary relationship btw organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 species posses the same analogous structures unrelated to a common ancestor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| divergent leading to distinct populations/species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similar evolutionary changes in different species due to similar environment pressures |
|
|
