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Definition
| Martin Luther-b. 1483, German, well educated, Augustinian Monk, professor at Wittenburg, Anfechtungen(spiritual turmoil)-researching Romans 1:17 had revelation about "faith alone" |
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Term
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Definition
| Dispute with Tetzel-->Ninety Five Theses (Oct 1517)-->Augustinian Monks gave support-->Imperial Diet-->Leipzig Debate (Luther declared the Council of Constance had erred in condemning Huss-sided with a heretic)-->Papal Bull Exsurge Domine (Luther burned it publically-official break) |
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| Lutheran underlying principles(E1) |
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Definition
-the Word of God (God himself as revealed through the Bible, but not the Bible itself) the starting point and final authority
-the Knowledge of God
-Law and Gospel
-The Church and Sacraments
-The Two Kingdoms(Church and State) |
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Definition
Ulrich Zwingli-born in a German speaking Swiss Canton-resigned pension from RCC 1521-reached his conclusions through the study of Scripture according to the method of the humanists-
John Calvin-b. 1509 in France, unknown conversion to protestantism, 1534 broke with the RCC |
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Definition
Zwingli-preached against laws of fasting and abstinence 1522-debate with a representative of the bishop of Constance in which the rep refused to debate-allowed to continue preaching but broke with the Bishop-killed in Second Kapel War(war between protestant and catholic Swiss Cantons)
Bullinger- provided next leadership in Swiss Cantons-
John Calvin-leader of French Protestants after released Institutes of the Christian Religion 1536, reformer of Geneva, captured Servetus and had him executed-refugees were taught reformed principles, spread the movement to England, Scotland and elsewhere |
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Term
| Reformed underlying principles(E2) |
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Definition
-against Rome
-strict Biblical interpretation(if it isn't commanded it isn't allowed as opposed to Luther's if if isn't forbidden it's allowed)
-austere worship
-enforced morality (theocracy) |
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Definition
| Dissenters of Zurich's reform-major issue was infant baptism (separation of church and society) |
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Definition
| Three Types- Anabaptists, Spirtualists, Evangelical Rationalists--separation of church and state, radical restoration of primitive church, spread by missions, martyrdom, charity |
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Term
| Radical underlying principles(E3) |
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Definition
| believer's baptism (not infant baptism), accentuated commitment, conscience, converted lifestyle, church created by voluntary association rather than citizenship, following as well as faith (discipleship and free will) |
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| Henry VIII-reenacted ancienct laws forbidding appeals to Rome to deal with his marital problems-placed bishops more under his control than the Popes-protestant ideas were circulating in England-Parliament of 1534 enacted a series of laws forbidding the payment of annates and other such contributuions to Rome, the king was Supreme Head of the Church of England-any who called the king a schismatic or heretic were guilty of treason |
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Definition
Edward VI's reign-swing toward Reformed theology
Mary Tudor-repressed Protestantism, returned England to obedience to the Pope
Elizabeth-allowed any moderate Protestantism as long as it participated in the common worship of the Church of England |
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Term
| Anglican underlying principles(E4) |
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Definition
| Anti-Pope, anti-Catholic practices, Book of Common Prayer, Thirty-nine Articles of 1562(doctrinal foundations of the Church of England)-explicity rejected several Catholic doctrines and practices, but did not choose specific Protestant views- via media(all but RC and the most doctrinaire Protestants could participate) |
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Term
| strict orthodoxies:Roman Catholicism (E9) |
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Definition
| Galicanism, Jansenism, Quietism |
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Term
| strict orthodoxies: Lutheran(E9) |
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Definition
| Philippists & Strict Lutherans, Melancthon (Logi Theologica), Formula of Concord, Lutheran Scholasticism, Georg Calixtus (Syncretism--->ecumenical movement today) |
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| strict orthodoxies: Reformed(E9) |
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Definition
| Arminius, Gomarus, Synod of Dort, TULIP, The Westminister Confession |
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Term
| reaction to strict orthodoxy: rationalism (E10) |
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Definition
| Descartes, Empiricism (John Locke), Deism (Lord Herbert of Cherbury), David Hume, Voltaire, Charles Louis de Secondant & Baron de Montes, Rousseau, Kant |
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Term
| reaction to strict orthodoxy: emphasis on experience and obedience (E10) |
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Definition
| Jakob Boehme, George Fox & the Quakers, William Penn, Emmanuel Swedenborg |
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Term
| reaction to strict orthodoxy: spiritualist movements(E10) |
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Definition
| German (Spener and Franke- Dia Desideria)Zinzendorf & the Moravians, John Wesley, Methodism, Asbury |
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Definition
| b1483 Eisleben, Germany, "the Reformer" challenged the Pope and the empire, "God Help Me!" |
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Definition
| To the Christian Nobility-priesthood of the believer, On the Babylonian Captivity-undermined sacraments (denied transubstantiation), On the Freedom of the Christian-Free from all to serve all |
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Term
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Definition
| Oct 31, 1517, against Tetzel, financial grievances, popes, power, and purgatory, false assurance, were translated by someone into German and mass produced unlike his previous Theses that had been basically ignored |
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Term
| the Divide (Luther and the RCC) |
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Definition
| 1518-2121 Heidelberg Debate 1518-Augustinian Monks, Luther won, Pope's Cajetan at Augsburg 1518, Luther fled, political influene (Pope needed Frederick of Saxony who supported Luther), Leipzig Debate 1519 |
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Definition
1521-Martin Luther refused to recant his teachings and Edict of Worms declared Luther
Heretic (January 1521) & ordered his books to be destroyed. Luther sought refuge in the Wartburg
HRE Charles V’s action delayed for over a decade by war with France & defense of Vienna against Turks |
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Definition
1519-A theological disputation originally between Andreas Karlstadt and Johann Eck. Eck, a Catholic doctrine challenged Karlstadt to a debate concerning doctrines of free will & grace.
-Martin Luther joined the debate in July 1519, at the invitation of Eck.
-Luther and Eck expanded debate, to include purgatory, the sale of indulgences, the need for and methods of penance, and the legitimacy of papal authority.
-A joint verdict on the outcome of the debate was to be issued by the University of Erfurt and the University of Paris, but the theological faculty of Erfurt recused itself. The faculty in Paris delivered a negative verdict on Luther's writings in 1521, but made no direct reference to the debate in Leipzig itself. |
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Definition
Luther's protector from the start, After Luther was declared heretic, Frederick’s army abducted Luther and took him to Wartburg for safety.
-Based on own instructions, Frederick did not where Luther was hidden |
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Definition
• Albert of Brandenburg & Leo X
Hired Johannes Tetzel for Indulgence Crusade, Tetzel and his coworkers used outrageous claims to make money (Leo x wanted money to restore Rome to its prior beauty) |
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Definition
Muntzer--1524-25• Thomas Muntzer of Zwickau and The Twelve Articles applied Luther’s theology to social justice and political revolution. 100,000 peasants slaughtered.
• RCC Humanist reformers disillusioned. Erasmus separated on issue of predestination and free will.
(Luther at first protested fighting with the peasants but when they took up arms told the army to slaughter them, his own followers) |
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Definition
- young Swiss Catholic priest & started protestant tradition in German speaking Swiss canton of Zurich.
-Founder of the Reformed Tradition; a humanist scholar.
-Learned the Bible by studying it
-Began to be disillusioned with the way the church is affecting Switzerland
-Mercenary soldiers were a mainstay of Swiss economy, Often fighting for the papacy, Zwingli-chaplain for the soldiers impressed negatively by how the church is involved -corrupt and nonspiritual, -Writes criticisms of the church about war in hopes that it will get better.
- pastor at Einsleighben, critic of RCC council, convinces the city council to go with his views.
--A break from the RCC with Lent of 1522; didn't matter if participation in Lent because because God's grace covers. He argues the Bible as sole authority.
-Bible: roadmap for running the city, rule book
-killed on the battlefield at the 2nd Kapel War. |
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Definition
1509-64 -Born Paris
-Views are reformed views of Zwingli
-Most important systematizer of Protestant theology in 16th cty
-Bound various Protestant doctrines into a cohesive whole
-Flees France because of his Reformist ideas going to Geneva
-Farel - leader of Geneva implores him to help the city
- Geneva becomes important for extending the Protestant Faith esp. the Reformed tradition throughout Europe.
- Calvin and Farel set up model way of doing Strict & puritanical discipline.
-Geneva becomes the fountain head for Protestant movement. |
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Term
| Institutes (Reformed Calvin Theology) |
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Definition
MOST important Reformed Text – why Cath is wrong & Protes is right
1. 1536 - 1st edition written by Calvin , 6 chaps – 4 on: Law, Creed, Lord’s Prayer & sacraments & 2 on Protestant position about “false sacraments” of Rome & Christian freedom; written in Latin & sold out in 9 months; Calvin continued working on successive editions; six chaps became 4 books with 80 chapters:
1. 1st – God, revelation, creation & nature of human creature.
2. 2nd – God as redeemer & how it is made known to us – OT & Christ.
3. 3rd – through Spirit, we can share in grace & fruits it produces.
4. 4th – external means of sharing – church & sacraments.
5. Reflected knowledge of scripture & ancient Christian literature, particularly Augustine & theological controversies of the 16th cty.
6. High point of Protestant systematic theology at time of Reformation. |
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Term
| Radicals Type 1:Anabaptists |
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Definition
1. Group of believers that urged Zwingli to take a more radical reformation; Zwingli was not willing.
2. George Blaurock a former priest asked a brethren to baptize him.
3. called Anabaptist – ‘to be baptized again’. because converts had been baptized as infants and were rebaptized as adults
4. Rejected infant baptism, as one becomes a Christian by choice.
5. Belief that the community of faith is responsible for disciplining its own members and not leaving it to the state.
6. Pacifism is an essential element to Christianity; sermon of the mount should be obeyed literally.
7. Anabaptists movement drew great opposition from Catholics & other Protestants.
8. Thousands persecuted and killed
9. Anabaptist movement proved to be a significant forerunner of the modern spirit of religious tolerance. |
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Term
| Radicals Type 2: Spiritualists |
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Definition
| spirit centered divine immediacy, repudiated law & organization, Caspar Schwenkfeld (similar to Quakers) |
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Term
| Radicals Type 3: Evangelical Rationalists |
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Definition
| rational faith, not authority or feeling, Anti-Trinitarian, Servetus, Socinus (Similar to Unitarians) |
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Term
| Schleitheim Confession of 1527 |
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Definition
| Anabaptist leaders met in Schleitheim, Switzerland in 1527 and put together this confession that explained the seven main practices and principles held by most Anabaptists. 1: baptism is for those who believe in Christ and repent 2: those who refuse to repent are banned from the communion table 3: communion is only for those who are baptized 4: believers must separate from anything that is not united with God 5: describes the duty of pastor 6&7: reject use of “the sword” (violence, giving oaths, etc…) p. 70-71 |
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Definition
| death to all radicals...approved the imperial decree against Anabaptists who were accused of heresy and sedition. Both ecclesiastical and civil courts had jurisdiction over Anabaptists for their alleged crimes. P. 71 |
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| (1496 – 1561) started off as a Catholic priest, became an Anabaptist religious leader who was a contemporary of the Protestant Reformers, and his followers became known as Mennonites. He supported pacifism, so he refused to be part of the revolutionary Anabaptists. He also believed in following civil authority, but not in taking oaths. The Mennonites encountered problems in America and other countries for refusal to take part in fighting. P.74-76 |
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Definition
| Michael Servetus was a Spanish physician who also wrote theological treaties. He wrote against the church, including things such as the Council of Nicea’s stance on the trinity. He was arrested and tried for heresy. He was condemned a heretic by both Catholic and Protestant standards, and was burned to death. Calvin favored a less cruel death- by beheading |
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Definition
| a clergyman who brought the reformation to the church in Scotland. |
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Definition
| the Catholic king. He created a discussion about the issue of divorce in the church because he wanted to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. He was allowed to divorce her and married Anne Boleyn, who was eventually beheaded. The Act of Supremacy was enacted in 1534, which made Henry VIII head of the church and split from RCC. He named Thomas Cranmer Archbishop of Canterbury. Had 6 wives total: Catherine of Aragon (divorced), Anne Boleyn (beheaded), Jane Seymour (died), Anne of Cleaves (divorced), Catherine Howard (beheaded), and Catherine Parr (survived). |
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Term
| Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots |
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Definition
| raised Catholic in Spain, took over after Edward’s death. She married Phillip II, king of Spain, in 1554. She reinstated the RCC during her reign, which led to revolts and protests. She became known as “bloody Mary” for persecuting Protestants after reinstating the RCC. |
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Definition
| Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI, and Mary I. He helped build a case for Henry's divorce from Catherine of Aragon which resulted in the separation of the English Church from union with the Holy See. He also wrote the first editions of the Book of Common Prayer. He was tried for heresy by the RCC when Mary I reigned. He eventually recanted and reconciled with the RCC. He withdrew his recantations right before he was executed, so he died a heretic according to the RCC and a martyr for principles of the English Reformation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The only son of Henry VIII, raised protestant, very sickly. King from 1547- 1553 until his death. Many things happened during his reign to encourage Protestants and reformers, including the publishing of Thomas Cranmer’s Book of Common Prayer. |
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| St. Bartholemew's Day Massacre |
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Definition
| 1572 under a false impression that the Huguenots wanted him dead, King Charles IX of France gave instructions through the Duke of Guise to kill all the people in certain dwellings. The Duke himself killed the Huguenot leader Coligny who was recovering from previous attempt on his life. 2000 Huguenots were massacred in the city, including 30 guards at the palace, across the country the number of victims reached into the tens of thousands. The Pope (Gregory XIII) ordered a hymn of Thanksgiving be sung. |
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| "Paris is well worth the mass." |
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| disciple of Teresa of Avila, led the male branch of the Discalced Carmelites, one of the Doctors of the Church |
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Definition
| suffered a wound that ended his military career, similar "tortured spirit" experience to Luther, forced to leave the Holy Land by Franciscan monks, founded the Society of Jesus from a following that gathered around him when he returned to school |
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Term
| Jesuits (Society of Jesus) |
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Definition
| originally formed to work amongst the Turks in the Holy Land, by the time it was approved (1540) threat to Protestantism was such a threat that the order (fashioned after the military) became the main instrument of the Papacy against Protestantism, did not forget it's missionary commitment |
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Definition
| considered the 19th ecumenical council, moved back and forth between the imperial states and the Popes territories, condemned pluralism, listed and defined the obligations of the clergy, regulated relics and indulgences, ordered the founding of seminaries--Tridentine Theology-uncompromising, (Authority of Scripture (Vulgate) and tradition was equal, grace cooperating with works, seven sacraments by ordained clergy only) increased clerical discipline (Inquisition) |
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Definition
| Counter reformation Pope1. "- zero tolerance policy of coercion, rigid doctrine enforced by political and military force, strict inner reform as well |
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Term
| "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from Purgatory springs" |
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Definition
| Tetzel and his preachers sales pitch |
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Term
| "we are not of the same spirit" |
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Definition
| Luther's comment on the Colloquy of Marburg with Zwingli |
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Definition
| 1618-1648 Peace of Augsburg failed, Evangelical Union vs. Catholic League several phases (Palatine-Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, French) resulted in Treaty of Westphalia |
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Definition
| 1. German unity delayed (20% loss in population), France dominant power, HRE never recovered, religious motives yielding to political ones, religious tolerance through religious indifference |
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Definition
| name of uncertain origin given to French Protestants, slaughtered at the St. Bartholemews Day Massacre 1572 |
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Definition
English Protestants who sought to purify the Anglican church from all beliefs, traditions, and practices not found in the Bible. Mostly Calvinist Anglicans.
They were opposed by Anglicans who sought to preserve ancient traditions of the Church.
Points of conflict
– Worship: Catholic “vestiges” such as robes and sign of the cross
– Church structure: Presbytery or congregational versus royal bishops
– Education: Puritan lectureships or “prophecyings” outside episcopal control
– Discipline: Reformed consistories versus royal church courts |
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Term
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Definition
Types of Puritanism Presbyterian Puritans, Puritan Separatists (Gainsborough (1606) under John Smyth.
Scrooby under John Robinson (c. 1575-1625), Both Smyth and Scrobby exiled to Holland, Baptist connection (1610) by Smyth, Mayflower Pilgrims by Robinson (1620)) and Independent (Congregational, non-separating) |
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Definition
(King 1603-1625)
• James' motto: "No bishop; no king."
• Puritan Millenary Petition (1603) led to
• Hampton Court Conference (1604) yielded KJV 1611 |
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Definition
(1625-1649).
-Rigid Anglican
-Archbishop William Laud (archb. fr. 1633).
-20,000 Puritans to New England by 1640 |
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Term
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Definition
• Kg. Charles dismissed parliament 1629
• Seeking military funds when Scotland rebelled (1637), called
• "Short Parliament," dissolved April 1640
• Then "Long Parliament" began Nov. 1640
– Majority Presbyterian Puritans, it
– Jailed Laud
– King Charles declared war |
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Term
| Results of the English Civil War |
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Definition
• Puritan’s won under Oliver Cromwell’s New Model Army (Roundheads)
• Episcopacy abolished (1643)
• Charles I beheaded 1649
• Cromwell ruled as Lord Protectorate until 1558
• Rule by Westminster Assembly
• Directory of Worship (1645)
• Westminster Confession (1646)
• Broad toleration to Protestants to 1660
• Religious, political, and economic experiments
• Seekers, Levelers (political populism), Diggers (Christian socialists), 5th Monarchy, Muggletonians
• Brutal military suppression of Irish Catholics |
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Definition
– (1660) returned monarchy and episcopacy
– Early tolerance:
• Declaration from Breda (1660)
– Later Clarendon Codes
• Only Anglican civil officers
• Required BCP & episcopal ordination
• Forbid non-Anglican worship
• Result—Dissenters
– Presbyterian, Congregationalists, Baptist, Quakers, etc
– Corporation Act (1661) requiring civil officials to be Anglican rite.
• Act of Uniformity (1662) uniform use of the BCP and ordination by episcopacy.
• Conventicle Act (1664) forbidding worship outside of Establishment.
• Five Mile Act (1665) forbidding nonconformist. ministers from coming within five miles of their previous parishes |
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Definition
• Granted religious toleration to non-RCC dissenters—English Free Churches--if allegiance to royalty declared
– Free church = church with no higher authority than church leaders.
– Mainly Presbyterian, Congregationalist, and Baptist.
• Nonjurors resisted--Anglicans loyal to James II, who refused to swear allegiance to Wm. & Mary |
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Definition
(King 1685-1701)
• Catholic. Brought Jesuits back to England.
• Declared religious toleration for all dissenters.
• But dissenters joined the Establishment against RCC. |
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Term
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Definition
| brought to England after a bloodless revolution (1689), passed the Act of Toleration (religious tolerance to non-RCC dissenters so long as they swore allegiance to royalty, church with no higher authority than church leaders), |
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Definition
Political Gallicanism: Monarchy and royal courts (parelements) against papal interference
Ecclesiastical Gallicanism: Jansenism, A RC reform movement
Pope's Supporters: Jesuit-led ultramontanists |
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Term
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Definition
Namesake: Dutchman Cornelius Jansen (1585-1638) author of Augustinius
Founder: Abbe' of Saint-Cyran (d1643)
Center: Port Royal Convent near Paris under Abbess Angelique Arnauld
Chief Defender: Blaise Pascal
Doctrines: Only predestined would be saved, grace irresistible, Christ died only for elect, but justification by submission to RCC, opposed probablism and causistry of Jesuits |
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Term
| German Febronianism (RC Orth) |
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Definition
From Febronius, pseud. of von Hontheim Trier's The State of the Church and the Legitimate Power of the Pontiff
-advocated council of bishops as central
-RCC condemned in 1764 |
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Term
| Austrian Josephism (RC Orth) |
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Definition
From Joseph II, HRE
Subordinated the Church to the state
RCC condemned 1794 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-RCC devotion driven inward
-Spainard Miguel de Moninos (Spiritual Guide, 1675, total passivity, no work)
-French Madame Guyon (A Short and Simple Means of Prayer)
-Francis Fenelon |
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Term
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Definition
Followers of Philip Melanchthon
More humanist in approach(less suspicious of reason, more open to works as a sign of salvation) |
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Definition
-Reformed reps from Dutch, British, Swish and Germans (mostly Dutch)
-Rejected Remonstrants position by TULIP |
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Term
| Westminister Confession (Ref Orth) |
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Definition
-English Puritan Parliament
-Similar to Synod of Dort canons
-Basis of Second London Confession of Baptists (2nd London basis of Philadelphia Confession, Philadelphia Confession basis of Charleston Confession)
-More Calvinist than Calvin himself
-ii. authority of scripture-"the infallible rule of interpretation of scripture is the Scripture itself"
-manner in which the Lord's Day is to be observed, organization of the church, oath swearing |
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Term
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Definition
-natural religion based on the reasonable structure stripped of unproveable unknowable revelation
-Deists or "freethinkers" believed in God, free of "unreasoned" orthodoxy
-essentials (Lord Herbert of Cherbury (d 1648) Belief in God, Worship, Morality, Rewards of obedience, immortality |
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Term
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Definition
-French Enlightenment figures; Philosophes out to change society
-Hostile to organized religion, but not atheists
-Believed progress(humanity is good), deism, denied transcendence, tolerance is the highest virtue |
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Definition
Wrote Pia desideria (1675)-Bible Central, Lay involvement, good works, ministerial discipline, experiential preaching
-collegia pietatis (ecclesioloe in ecclesia) little churches within the church
-program for piety, fundamental charter of Pietism, common responsibility of all Christians, turn from scholarly and polemic tones to invoking personal devotion in church members-believed the end was near after reading revelation |
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Term
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Definition
-From Leipzig to Univ of Halle, biblical and experiential lectures, pastoral and social concerns, missions center
-a living, personal faith and the manner or time in which one arrived at it was not of prime importance |
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Term
| Zinzendorf and the Moravians |
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Definition
-Count Zinzendorf 1700-60, "I have but one passion. It is He."
-Moravians(Unitas Fratrum)-soldiers of Christ on a mission, Hussites forced to leave their homeland
-iii. Moravians sent out more missionaries than all the other Protestant churches, broke with Lutheranism |
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Term
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Definition
Holy Club-bible study, prayer and spiritual readings; weekly communion; fasting 2 days a week; social ministries such as a prison ministry;
-joined Whitefield in America, took charge of the movement, parted over theological differences
-movement was supposed to be preparation for participation in Anglican services, used lay preachers |
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Term
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Definition
| "About a quarter before nine, while Luther was describing the change which God works in the heart through faith in Christ, I felt my heart strangely warmed. I felt I did trust in Christ, Christ alone, for salvation; and an assurance was given me, that He had taken away my sins, even mine, and saved me from the law of sin and death." |
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Term
| Unique Aspects (Foundations of) American Christianity: European Continuities |
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Definition
| English diversity, European thought (Locke), European theology, education and social structures |
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Term
| Unique Aspects (Foundations) of American Christianity: Discontinuities- |
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Definition
Protestant domination
Puritan influence (few but powerful, checks and balances)
Freedom vs. tolerance
Laity leadership
Frontier-"Turner Thesis" |
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1869-70 --20th Ecumenical Council-reactionary, anti modern
Declarations- Dogmatica de fide (reaffirmed Tridentine stance), De ecclesia Christi (declared pope infallible in Pastor Aeternus, 1870, when speaking ex cathedra(in defining faith and morals)
Old Catholic Church formed by Declaration of Utrecht |
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Definition
T-otal depravity
U-nconditional election
L-imited atonement
I-rresistable grace
P-erseverance of the saints |
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Definition
| took Luthers place as main interpreter, Logi Theologici, contrasted Luther on a humanist inclination, signed the Leipzig Interim, a compromise with Catholics, distinguished between central elements and peripheral(adiaphora) |
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Term
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Definition
| said giving concession even on the peripheral was a misrepresentation of the faith, they also accused Philip of giving too much credit to human participation in salvation |
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Definition
| intermediate position, not abandon adiaphora even in times of persectuion, expressed communion in terms of direct contrast to Calvin |
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Term
| Lutheran Scholasticism (Orthodoxy) |
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Definition
called scholasticism because--systematic thought, began using aristotle's logic and reasoning, product of schools began waning toward the end of the 18th century, left doctrine of spiritual inspiration and rigid confessionalism
iii. only what is written in the scriptures is authoritative for the church
iv. Spirit told the authors what to write letter for letter but took into account the authors personality in dictating the words, literal inspiration of scripture |
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Definition
i. did not suffice to declare all others heretics or false Christians--they were simply in error so long as the thing they disagreed about was adiaphora
ii. only that which was confirmed in the first 5 centuries was essential to salvation |
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| predestination was based on God's knowledge of those who would later have faith in Christ-issued a Remonstrance(citing 5 articles dealing with the issues under debate) |
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| (Calvinist orthodox)-faith itself is the result of predestination, before the foundation of the world the sovereign will of God decreed who would have faith and who wouldnt |
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i. 1596-1650, I think therefore I am, everything could be doubted but not that the doubting subject (himself) existed, since his mind had conceived of the idea of a higher being, which was above itself, it had to have been placed there by a higher being, thus proving the existence of God
ii. French universities claimed Aristotelianism was the best suited philosophical system for Christianity and declared Cartesianism would lead to heresy
iii. Descartes retired to Sweden
iv. left open the question of communiation between the established soul and body--occasionalism, monism, preestablished harmony |
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i. John Locke- Essay on Human Understanding 1690, leading figure of empiricism
ii. all knowledge is derived from experience-outer, inner,---our own selves, outer realities that are presently before us, and God
iii. level of probability--use of judgment instead of the strict proofs of reason
iv. 1695 The Reasonableness of Christianity-Christianity was the most reasonable of religions, it added nothing that could not have been known by reason |
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| i. 1711-76, believed that a good part of what rationalist philosophers claimed they could affirm on the basis of observation and reason had no such basis, but was simply the result of irrational mental habits (fundamental notions such as substance and cause and effect which cannot be truly experienced but in truth are habits of the mind) |
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| Voltaire (Francois-Marie Arouet)(Frenchman) |
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| believed in the use of reason as common sense, monarchy was not intended for the benefit of the sovereign but for the subjects-forerunner of the French Revolution |
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| Charles Louis de Secondant & Baron de Montes (Frencmen) |
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| first to think of the form of republican gvnt that is used in America |
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| humankind has progressively departed from its natural state and must return to such |
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i. 1724-1804
ii. Critique of Pure Reason- 1781 --alternative to empiricism and cartesianism--time space and 12 categories exist in the mind
iii. Critique of Practical Reason- 1788-dealt with religion |
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i. 1575-1624, German, Lutheran parents
ii. Brilliant Dawn-record of his visions, exalted freedom of spirit, inner life, direct and individual revelation |
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| George Fox, Quakers, William Penn |
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i. 1624-1691 English
ii. all have an inner light that allows us to recognize and accept the presence of God
iii. silent services unless the Spirit lead someone to speak
iv. emphasized community and love
v. William Penn-Fox's most famous successor, founded Pennsylvania as a "holy experiment" of religious tolerance and peace with the natives |
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| believed all that exists is a reflection of the attributes of God and therefore the visible world "corresponds" with the invisible one, disciples founded the church of New Jerusalem |
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| sent to America by John Wesley, the most important figure in bringing Methodism to the states |
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Favored a central church government
· Parish was the unit of the Puritan church; the parochial group of church members elected ministers |
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| Puritan Separatists or Independents |
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Late 16th century - Radical Puritans who withdrew from Church of England as dissatisfied with the slow pace of official reform
· Set up churches outside the established order.
· Robert Browne gathered the first Separatist church at Norfolk, England.
· Proposed a congregational or independent form of church polity, each church was autonomous, founded upon a formal covenant, electing its own officers, and restricting the membership to "visible saints. |
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| Independent (Congregationalists or non-Separating) |
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Late 16th century - Minority wing of the Puritan party
· Maintained congregationalism against the majority in the Westminster Assembly and the Parliament
· Multitude of sects that arose out of the disorder of the time also took unto themselves the title of Independents – felt each church should control its own affairs.
· The term came to be a vague designation for opponents of Presbyterianism.
· Orthodox New England Puritans practiced a congregational discipline but always denied that they were either Separatists or Independents. |
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