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| The science of how living organisms obtain and use food to support processes required for life |
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| the class of nutrients that we need to consume in relatively large quantities |
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| the class of nutrients we need to obtain in relatively small quantities |
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| a substance that contains carbon-carbon bonds or carbon hydrogen bonds |
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| (ADENSOSINE TRIPHOS PHATE)-a chemical used by the body when it needs to perform work |
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| (nutrition deficiency)-inadequate intake of one or more nutrients or energy |
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| over intake of certain nutrients |
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| poor nutritional status caused by either undernutrition or overnutrition |
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| A terminal opening at the alimentary canal. takes fluids and waste from the body and turns it to solid waste |
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| Intestinal normal flora bacteria |
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| The various bacteria that normally live in the intestinal tract. Normal intestinal floraare important to aid in the breakdown of certain foods for absorption. |
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inorganic atoms or molocules, other than water. body requires them in small amounts. body cannot make them from other compounds
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| he total length is approximately 5 feet in the adult and it is responsible for forming, storing and expellingwaste matter. Beginning with the cecum and ending with the rectum; includes the cecum and the colon and the rectum; extracts moisture from food residues which are later excreted as feces. |
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| he valve guarding the opening between the ileum and cecum; called also ileocolic valve |
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| are tiny thin-walledblood vesells that are closed at one end and are located in the spaces between cells throughout the body, except in thecentral nervous system, and in non-vascular tissues. The main purpose of these vessels is to drain excess tissue fluids from around the cell ready to be filtered and returned to the venus circulation |
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| The lymphatic system removes this fluid and these materials from tissues, returning them via the lymphatic vesselsto the bloodstream, and thus prevents a fluid imbalance that would result in the organism’s death. |
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| onnect arterioles and venules, and enable the exchange of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and many other nutrient and waste chemical substances betweenblood and surrounding tissues.[1] |
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| are a class of lipids and are a major component of all cell membranes as they can formlipid bilayers. Most phospholipids contain a diglyceride, a phosphate group, and a simple organic molecule such as choline; one exception to this rule is sphingomyelin, which is derived from sphingosineinstead of glycerol. |
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| is a waxy steroid metabolite found in the cell membranes and transported in the blood plasma of all animals.[2]It is an essential structural component of mammalian cell membranes, where it is required to establish proper membrane permeability and fluidity. In addition, cholesterol is an important component for the manufacture of bile acids, steroid hormones, and several fat-soluble vitamins. |
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| The major form of fat. A triglyceride consists of three molecules of fatty acid combined with a molecule of the alcohol glycerol. Triglycerides serve as the backbone of many types of lipids (fats). Triglycerides come from the food we eat as well as from being produced by the body. |
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| are critical to life, and have many functions in metabolism. One particularly important function is as the building blocks of proteins, which are linear chains of amino acids. |
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| Monosaccharides simple forms of sugar that are absorbed into the body through the walls of the intestine. They are passed into the bloodstream and are stored to be used for energy later on. If they are stored long enough, certain carbohydrates will turn to fat. |
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| nutrients smallest sub-units |
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| s the mediated process of moving particles across a biological membrane against aconcentration gradient. If the process uses chemical energy, such as from adenosine triphosphate (ATP), it is termed primary active transport |
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| refers to a process whereby a substance passes through a membrane without the aid of an intermediary such as a integral membrane protein. |
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| The lowest part of the small intestine, located beyond the duodenum and jejunum, just before the large intestine (the colon). Pronounced "il-eum" in the US and "eye-leum" in the UK. |
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| n anatomy of the digestive system, the jejunum is the central of the three divisions of the small intestine and lies between the duodenum and the ileum. The change from the duodenum to the jejunum is usually defined as the ligament of Treitz |
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is responsible for the breakdown of food in the small intestin, using enzymes. |
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| The part of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) that extends from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve, where it empties into the large intestine. The small intestine finishes the process of digestion, absorbs the nutrients, and passes the residue on to the large intestine |
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| Pancreatic juice secretion is regulated by the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin, which is produced by the walls of the duodenum upon detection of acid food, proteins and fats. Pancreatic secretion consists of an aqueous bicarbonate component from the duct cells and enzymatic component from the acinar cells. |
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| The group HCO3 or a compound containing it, such as sodium bicarbonate. When heated, bicarbonates give off carbon dioxide |
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| A 33-amino acid peptide secreted by the upper intestinal mucosa and also found in the central nervous system. It causesgallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinalfunctions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety. |
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| hormone made by glands in the small intestine that acts to stimulate pancreatic secretions. Commercially available secretin is either porcine (pigs) secretin or a synthesized form of human secretin |
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| Bile is a yellow-green fluid that is made by the liver, stored in the gallbladder and passes through the common bile duct into the duodenum where it helps digest fat. The principal components of bile are cholesterol, bile salts, and the pigment bilirubin. |
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| A pear-shaped organ just below the liver that stores the bile secreted by the liver. During a fatty meal, the gallbladder contracts, delivering the bile through the bile ducts into the intestines to help with digestion |
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| The pancreas makes pancreatic juices and hormones, including insulin. The pancreatic juices are enzymes that help digest food in the small intestine. Insulin controls the amount of sugar in the blood. |
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| An organ in the upper abdomen that aids in digestion and removes waste products and worn-out cells from the blood. The liver is the largest solid organ in the body. |
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| the sphincter muscle of the pylorus that separates the stomach from the duodenum |
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