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Microbes that early modern homosapiens shared as the population gathered and increased and more worked with animals. |
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Ancient medicines and prescriptions were written on what? |
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How did early people explain sickness and other health problems? |
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Definition
How did people describe why they became sick? |
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The Hippocratic school thought what were at fault for disease? What are these things?
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Why did blood letting with leeches not work to cure the disease? |
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Definition
Because the blood carried cells to fight the disease. |
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What part of fitness did the greeks emphasize? |
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Definition
Physical, which is why they created the Olympics |
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What did the Romans think about disease that seemed so revolutionary? |
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Definition
Disease may not be punishment for evil, they were the first to make a division between sick and healthy with the idea that diease was transmissible. |
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In Ancient Superstition, how was malaria described to be caught? How do we know it is contracted now? |
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Definition
By bad air. We now know it is caused by mosquitos. |
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Carried by fleas, huge epidemic in Europe and began in Egypt. Over 27 million died in Europe. |
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Delayed Development of science and reverted to superstition. |
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The first use of quarantine and isolation. Scarring on hands and feet due to decreased blood supply, increase in accidents due to numbness. |
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Definition
diseases with an equal chance of infecting |
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Definition
the poor were more suceptible to disease because of the conditions in which they lived |
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Renaissance & Exploration |
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Definition
1500-1700 renewed interest in science and observations of disease occurance, recognize that the environment is responsible and disease is transmissible |
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Definition
the first to see cells in 1665 without a microscope, chose to look at plant tissue |
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Why are cells called cells? |
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Definition
after monk's quarters "one hallway with boxy rooms that are uniform" |
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Definition
first to see and describe bacteria in 1676. bacteria is 20-100th the size of the cork cell seen by Hooke. |
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refuted the theory of spontaneous generation in 1668 (used the neck jar in his experiment) |
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the theory that living things arise from abiotic things. |
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Definition
injected an 8 year old boy with coxpox to see if it was the vaccine against smallpox from the rumor that milkmaids don't get smallpox. |
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Definition
grind up dried scabs on smallpox and put them on patients. they either got the disease or became immune. |
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miasmas as the cause of disease |
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Definition
19th century idea that the vapor out of sick people, dead animals and disease were associated with being dirty - invention of city sanitation crews. |
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discovered invisible agents being transmitted from lab coats to people while working in the maternity ward in 1841. led to the institution of sanitary measures for doctors. |
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1854 - diarrhea, often shows up after natural disasters |
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"Father of Epidemiology" devised the first study using cholera to find a common thread that was infecting people (in this case, they all got their water from the same well) |
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Definition
again refuted spontaneous generation through the use of the swan neck tube, dust and insects could not make their way through this tube because of the shape. |
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Definition
strategies pathogens have that are used in pathogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
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What must the pathogen be able to do to cause the disease? |
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Definition
contact the host, adhere to and multipgy on host surfaces, infect the host, damage host tissues making it able to cause further infection |
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Term
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Definition
study of occurance of disease |
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Term
What aspects of the disease is epidemiology concerned with? |
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Definition
incidence (number of new cases), prevalence (total number of cases), etiology (causal agent of the disease) |
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What is in the epidemiological triangle? |
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Definition
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Definition
immediate transmission from person to person by close contact or intimate contact |
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Definition
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vector indirect transmission |
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Definition
living agent as the intermediate step |
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vehicle indirect transmission |
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Definition
non living agent (food included) |
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Term
endemic distribution of disease |
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Definition
normally present at a low level in the population |
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Term
epidemic distribution of disease |
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Definition
exceeds normal incidence in a population in a certain geographic area |
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pandemic distribution of disease |
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Definition
spreads to more than one continent |
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common source of epidemics |
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Definition
due to infection or intoxication of many people from a single source |
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Definition
due to the spread of infection from one person to another involving many sources |
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Definition
number of events in a given population in a given time frame |
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Top 10 Deadly Diseases in the US |
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Definition
heart disease, cancer, stroke, chronic lower respiratory, accidents, diabetes, alzheimer's, influenza & pnemonia, kidney disease, blood disease |
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Term
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Definition
prokaryotic cells, only in single celled organisms, protein in the cell wall, external structures increase virulence, shapes vary, arrangements can be single celled alone, in pairs, clusters or long chains |
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Term
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Definition
lack true nucleus and certain organelles inside the cell |
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Term
external features of bacteria |
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Definition
most have a flagella that is used for movement |
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Definition
cytoplasm extension that they can make to attach to another cell |
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Definition
exhange of DNA though pilus |
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Term
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Definition
small hairlike extensions from the surface that help bacteria stuck together or stick to surfaces. also helps increase virulence. |
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Definition
molecules made by the bacteria (virulence factors) |
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Definition
damaging protein, made of bacterium secreted outside the cell |
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Definition
damaging molecule built into cell walls of bacteria, can cause a second wave of signs and symptoms |
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Definition
sticky surfaces that are acidic like plaque - concern in the household of it being in the water |
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Term
bacterial cell wall/coat/envelope |
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Definition
protein structures with some carbohydrate chains that are the boundary of a cell |
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Definition
one of the most important cell walls - every point is a carbon with a hydrogen in the middle |
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Definition
one of the most important cell walls - every point is a carbon with a hydrogen in the middle. helps to make drugs that can help make us well, antibiotics target this molecule to stop bacteria from making new cells. |
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Definition
how the cell stains and the structure of the cell wall |
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Definition
endospore, high mortality rate for ingestion and is common in soils and ubiquitous (found anywhere) |
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Term
clostridium tetani-tetnus |
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Definition
very ubiquitous because of vaccine - often found in deep puncture wounds |
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Term
perfringens (gas gangrene) |
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Definition
endospore that is a threat to diabetics or anyone with poor circulation - victims suffocate because their muscles cannot relax |
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Definition
ubiquitious but can occur in improperly preserved food - victims suffocate because their muscles cannot contract |
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Definition
made in the blood where the liquid portion in plasma and the cellular portion is formed elements |
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Definition
formed element that carries gases. known as erythrocytes. |
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Definition
our defense cells, known as leukocytes which are made in bone marrow |
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Definition
formed elements used in clotting |
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Term
non-specific (innate) defenses |
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Definition
born with it, always defending you - first line defenses that prevents us from a real infection in the tissues |
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Term
types of non-specific defenses |
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Definition
barriers like skin, mucous membranes, cilia on the respiratory tract, tears, coughing, etc. |
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chemical defenses (non-specific, first line) |
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Definition
inhibit the growth of microbes and include the sebaceous gland, sweat glands, lacrimal and salivary gland secretions. |
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Term
second line defenses (still non-specific) |
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Definition
the pathogen is in our tissues and we are infected - includes inflammation, phagocytosis, inferons, complement system, natural killer cells |
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Definition
blood goes to the site of injury or infection and may be accompanied by fever |
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Definition
our cell eats that ameoba when microphages engulf the foreign invader, other leukocytes make up pus and combine defenses. |
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Definition
antiviral molecule that inhibits virus and activates another non-specific cell call "natural killer" that stimulates specific defenses |
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Definition
molecules and cascade of reactions that assist immunity - these are huge helpers |
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Definition
can take out whole tissues where there is a pathogen there. It is a lymphocyte that attacks microbes. |
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Definition
acquired immunity (custom made) |
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In what system are specific defenses generally housed? |
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Definition
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Definition
eukaryotic, single-celled, complex cells with internal membranes and organelles and classified by means of movement |
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Definition
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external structure of protists with a sticky surface on the cell to stick to us and each other |
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Definition
are used for movement
cilia - short and many
flagella - long and few |
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Definition
an amoeba that is an intestinal parasite, digestive system disease |
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Definition
an amoeba that is sexually transmitted and is so common that it is not among the CDC list of reportable diseases |
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Definition
an amoeba that causes giardiasis, an intestinal disease caused by drinking contaminated water |
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causes cryptosporidiosis that contaminates swimming pools and is often transmitted orally |
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Definition
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eukaryotic, multi-cellular with cell wall made of large carbohydrate molecules |
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Definition
mushrooms, mildew, yeast, plant rust |
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Definition
long extensions that fungus makes to delve deep into tissues or soil |
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Definition
multiple hyphae joined together that can be very large in additon to fungal tissue |
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Definition
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ringworm or athletes foot |
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Definition
unidentified patch of dry skin that is likely very itchy |
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Definition
yeast infection in any mucous membrane, typically affects the colon |
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Definition
lung infection sometimes known as the Ohio Valley Fever because it is so common in this region. Includes coughing congestion and treatment is extensive |
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Definition
general term for worms, the only pathogen in the animal kingdom that affects humans |
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Definition
a roundworm that is fairly harmless but lives in the large intestine and lays eggs on the anus, making it very itchy. children itch themselves, touch their toys then put their fingers in their mouth, so it is often transmitted orally. |
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Definition
serious roundworm that causes dog heartworm and can also devastate humans. is an endemic in some parts of the world and also carries secondary infections. |
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Definition
a type of flatworm that is transmitted orally, usually through tainted meat but is uncommon in the US because of high meat inspection. |
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Definition
mostly include viruses, but are like "little packages of molecules" |
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Definition
include influenza, common cold and Rhinovirus that live in the nose, and also rabies and many more. |
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