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MBI 131
Midterm
105
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
02/07/2012

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
hormaflora
Definition
Microbes that early modern homosapiens shared as the population gathered and increased and more worked with animals. 
Term

Clay tablets

 

Definition
Ancient medicines and prescriptions were written on what?
Term
blame game
Definition
How did early people explain sickness and other health problems?
Term
punishment for evil
Definition
How did people describe why they became sick?
Term

The Hippocratic school thought what were at fault for disease? What are these things?

Definition
humors - body fluids
Term
Why did blood letting with leeches not work to cure the disease?
Definition
Because the blood carried cells to fight the disease.
Term
What part of fitness did the greeks emphasize?
Definition
Physical, which is why they created the Olympics
Term
What did the Romans think about disease that seemed so revolutionary?
Definition
Disease may not be punishment for evil, they were the first to make a division between sick and healthy with the idea that diease was transmissible. 
Term
In Ancient Superstition, how was malaria described to be caught? How do we know it is contracted now?
Definition
By bad air. We now know it is caused by mosquitos.
Term
Black Death
Definition
Carried by fleas, huge epidemic in Europe and began in Egypt. Over 27 million died in Europe. 
Term
Dark Ages
Definition
Delayed Development of science and reverted to superstition.
Term
Hansen's Disease/Lepracy
Definition
The first use of quarantine and isolation. Scarring on hands and feet due to decreased blood supply, increase in accidents due to numbness. 
Term
leveling effect
Definition
diseases with an equal chance of infecting
Term
sociocultural effect
Definition
the poor were more suceptible to disease because of the conditions in which they lived
Term
Renaissance & Exploration
Definition
1500-1700 renewed interest in science and observations of disease occurance, recognize that the environment is responsible and disease is transmissible
Term
Robert Hooke
Definition
the first to see cells in 1665 without a microscope, chose to look at plant tissue
Term
Why are cells called cells?
Definition
after monk's quarters "one hallway with boxy rooms that are uniform"
Term
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Definition
first to see and describe bacteria in 1676. bacteria is 20-100th the size of the cork cell seen by Hooke. 
Term
Franceso Redi
Definition
refuted the theory of spontaneous generation in 1668 (used the neck jar in his experiment)
Term
spontaneous generation
Definition
the theory that living things arise from abiotic things. 
Term
Edward Jenner
Definition
injected an 8 year old boy with coxpox to see if it was the vaccine against smallpox from the rumor that milkmaids don't get smallpox.
Term
veriolation (Jenner)
Definition
grind up dried scabs on smallpox and put them on patients. they either got the disease or became immune. 
Term
miasmas as the cause of disease
Definition
19th century idea that the vapor out of sick people, dead animals and disease were associated with being dirty - invention of city sanitation crews. 
Term
Ignaz Semmelweis
Definition
discovered invisible agents being transmitted from lab coats to people while working in the maternity ward in 1841. led to the institution of sanitary measures for doctors. 
Term
cholera epidemic
Definition
1854 - diarrhea, often shows up after natural disasters
Term
John Snow
Definition
"Father of Epidemiology" devised the first study using cholera to find a common thread that was infecting people (in this case, they all got their water from the same well)
Term
Louis Pasteur
Definition
again refuted spontaneous generation through the use of the swan neck tube, dust and insects could not make their way through this tube because of the shape. 
Term
virulence factors
Definition
strategies pathogens have that are used in pathogenesis 
Term
pathogenesis
Definition
causes the disease 
Term
What must the pathogen be able to do to cause the disease?
Definition
contact the host, adhere to and multipgy on host surfaces, infect the host, damage host tissues making it able to cause further infection
Term
epidemiology
Definition
study of occurance of disease
Term
What aspects of the disease is epidemiology concerned with?
Definition
incidence (number of new cases), prevalence (total number of cases), etiology (causal agent of the disease)
Term
What is in the epidemiological triangle?
Definition
agent, environment, host
Term
direct transmission
Definition
immediate transmission from person to person by close contact or intimate contact
Term
indirect transmission
Definition
step between persons 
Term
vector indirect transmission
Definition
living agent as the intermediate step
Term
vehicle indirect transmission
Definition
non living agent (food included) 
Term
endemic distribution of disease
Definition
normally present at a low level in the population
Term
epidemic distribution of disease
Definition
exceeds normal incidence in a population in a certain geographic area
Term
pandemic distribution of disease
Definition
spreads to more than one continent
Term
common source of epidemics
Definition
due to infection or intoxication of many people from a single source
Term
propagated epidemics
Definition
due to the spread of infection from one person to another involving many sources
Term
rates of disease
Definition
 number of events in a given population in a given time frame
Term
natality
Definition
birth
Term
morbidity
Definition
sickness
Term
mortality
Definition
death
Term
Top 10 Deadly Diseases in the US
Definition
heart disease, cancer, stroke, chronic lower respiratory, accidents, diabetes, alzheimer's, influenza & pnemonia, kidney disease, blood disease
Term
Bacteria
Definition
prokaryotic cells, only in single celled organisms, protein in the cell wall, external structures increase virulence, shapes vary, arrangements can be single celled alone, in pairs, clusters or long chains
Term
prokaryotic cells
Definition
lack true nucleus and certain organelles inside the cell
Term
external features of bacteria
Definition
most have a flagella that is used for movement
Term
pili
Definition
cytoplasm extension that they can make to attach to another cell 
Term
conjucation
Definition
exhange of DNA though pilus
Term
fimbriae
Definition
small hairlike extensions from the surface that help bacteria stuck together or stick to surfaces. also helps increase virulence.
Term
toxins
Definition
molecules made by the bacteria (virulence factors)
Term
exotoxin
Definition
damaging protein, made of bacterium secreted outside the cell
Term
endotoxin
Definition
damaging molecule built into cell walls of bacteria, can cause a second wave of signs and symptoms 
Term
biofilms
Definition
sticky surfaces that are acidic like plaque - concern in the household of it being in the water 
Term
bacterial cell wall/coat/envelope
Definition
protein structures with some carbohydrate chains that are the boundary of a cell 
Term
peptidoglycan
Definition
one of the most important cell walls - every point is a carbon with a hydrogen in the middle
Term
peptidoglycan
Definition
one of the most important cell walls - every point is a carbon with a hydrogen in the middle. helps to make drugs that can help make us well, antibiotics target this molecule to stop bacteria from making new cells. 
Term
gram + vs. gram -
Definition
how the cell stains and the structure of the cell wall
Term
anthrax
Definition
endospore, high mortality rate for ingestion and is common in soils and ubiquitous (found anywhere)
Term
clostridium tetani-tetnus
Definition
very ubiquitous because of vaccine - often found in deep puncture wounds
Term
perfringens (gas gangrene)
Definition
endospore that is a threat to diabetics or anyone with poor circulation - victims suffocate because their muscles cannot relax
Term
botulinium (botulism)
Definition
ubiquitious but can occur in improperly preserved food - victims suffocate because their muscles cannot contract
Term
cells of defense
Definition
made in the blood where the liquid portion in plasma and the cellular portion is formed elements
Term
red blood cells
Definition
formed element that carries gases. known as erythrocytes.
Term
white blood cells
Definition
our defense cells, known as leukocytes which are made in bone marrow 
Term
platelets
Definition
formed elements used in clotting
Term
non-specific (innate) defenses
Definition
born with it, always defending you - first line defenses that prevents us from a real infection in the tissues
Term
types of non-specific defenses
Definition
barriers like skin, mucous membranes, cilia on the respiratory tract, tears, coughing, etc. 
Term
chemical defenses (non-specific, first line)
Definition
inhibit the growth of microbes and include the sebaceous gland, sweat glands, lacrimal and salivary gland secretions. 
Term
second line defenses (still non-specific)
Definition
the pathogen is in our tissues and we are infected - includes inflammation, phagocytosis, inferons, complement system, natural killer cells
Term
inflammation
Definition
blood goes to the site of injury or infection and may be accompanied by fever
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
our cell eats that ameoba when microphages engulf the foreign invader, other leukocytes make up pus and combine defenses.
Term
inferons
Definition
antiviral molecule that inhibits virus and activates another non-specific cell call "natural killer" that stimulates specific defenses
Term
complement system
Definition
molecules and cascade of reactions that assist immunity - these are huge helpers
Term
natural killer cells
Definition
can take out whole tissues where there is a pathogen there. It is a lymphocyte that attacks microbes. 
Term
specific defenses
Definition
acquired immunity (custom made)
Term
In what system are specific defenses generally housed?
Definition
lymphatic system
Term
protists
Definition
eukaryotic, single-celled, complex cells with internal membranes and organelles and classified by means of movement 
Term
eukaryotic
Definition
has a true nucleus
Term
glycocalyx
Definition
external structure of protists with a sticky surface on the cell to stick to us and each other
Term
cilia and flagella
Definition

are used for movement 

cilia - short and many

flagella - long and few

Term
entamoeba
Definition
an amoeba that is an intestinal parasite, digestive system disease
Term
trichomonas
Definition
an amoeba that is sexually transmitted and is so common that it is not among the CDC list of reportable diseases
Term
giardia
Definition
an amoeba that causes giardiasis, an intestinal disease caused by drinking contaminated water
Term
non-motile
Definition
does not move at all 
Term
cryptosporidium
Definition
causes cryptosporidiosis that contaminates swimming pools and is often transmitted orally 
Term
plasmodium
Definition
causes malaria
Term
fungus
Definition
eukaryotic, multi-cellular with cell wall made of large carbohydrate molecules 
Term
examples of fungus
Definition
mushrooms, mildew, yeast, plant rust
Term
hyphae
Definition
long extensions that fungus makes to delve deep into tissues or soil
Term
mycelium
Definition
multiple hyphae joined together that can be very large in additon to fungal tissue
Term
mycoses
Definition
fungal infections
Term
tinea 
Definition
ringworm or athletes foot
Term
ringworm
Definition
unidentified patch of dry skin that is likely very itchy
Term
candidiasis
Definition
yeast infection in any mucous membrane, typically affects the colon
Term
histoplasmosis
Definition
lung infection sometimes known as the Ohio Valley Fever because it is so common in this region. Includes coughing congestion and treatment is extensive
Term
helminths
Definition
general term for worms, the only pathogen in the animal kingdom that affects humans
Term
pinworms
Definition
a roundworm that is fairly harmless but lives in the large intestine and lays eggs on the anus, making it very itchy. children itch themselves, touch their toys then put their fingers in their mouth, so it is often transmitted orally. 
Term
ascaris
Definition
serious roundworm that causes dog heartworm and can also devastate humans. is an endemic in some parts of the world and also carries secondary infections. 
Term
tapeworms
Definition
a type of flatworm that is transmitted orally, usually through tainted meat but is uncommon in the US because of high meat inspection. 
Term
non-cellular agents
Definition
mostly include viruses, but are like "little packages of molecules"
Term
viruses
Definition
include influenza, common cold and Rhinovirus that live in the nose, and also rabies and many more. 
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