Term
| causes of drug dependence and abuse |
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Definition
| anxiety, depression, peer presure, perception of enhanced pleasure and or status |
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Term
| effects of drug dependence and abuse- central nervous system (CNS) depressants (sedative/hypnotic) |
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Definition
| alcohol, barbiturates (nembutal, amytal, seconal), minor tranquilizers (librium, valium, quaalude), bromide, |
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Term
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Definition
| amphetamines (Frontline: The Meth Epidemic, methamphetamines frequently asked questions), cocaine (~2.1 million in US ... more on cocaine), ecstasy, nicotine, caffeine ... |
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Term
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Definition
| heroin (~810,000 addicts in US ... more info on heroin), morphine, propoxyphene (darvon), codeine, demerol, methadone |
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Term
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Definition
| ecstasy, LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, PCP |
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Term
| Tetrahydrocannabinol euphorics |
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Definition
marijuana, hashish
Inducers of lightheadedness and confusion (or "euphoria") |
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Term
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Definition
| solvents in glues, aerosol sprays, paints ... act as CNS depressants, but can cause long-term damage to numerous organs and organ systems of the body, including lungs, heart, GI tract, liver, kidneys, muscle, bone marrow, CNS (especially hearing) over-the-counter drugs containing atropine, scopolamine, antihistamine |
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Term
| complications: Dependence |
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Definition
| - state characterized by a compulsion to take a specific drug |
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Term
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Definition
| use of the drug promotes a feeling of pleasure and a drive to repeat usage to induce pleasure and/or avoid discomfort |
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Term
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Definition
| termination of use of the drug results in physical disturbances (withdrawal) |
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Term
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Definition
| condition in which continued use of a drug means more to the individual than the problems caused by such use n |
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Term
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Definition
smoking leads to increased incidence of cancers, cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disorders and some infections
25-30% of the US adult population smokes tobacco, and ~80% of those are "hooked"
teenage boys who take up smoking typically don't quit until they reach a median age of 33
teenage girls who take up smoking typically don't quit until they reach a median age of 37
tobacco causes more preventable deaths each year in the US than cocaine, heroin, alcohol, murder, suicide, AIDS, car accidents and fires combined |
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Term
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Definition
excessive drinking, including binge drinking (5 or more drinks per sitting for males; 4 or more for females), leads to increased incidence of cirrhosis of the liver, CNS damage, accidents, as well as contributing to development of some cancers, certain infections and social disruption (~2/3 of US adult population drinks; ~10% of those are "hooked" - i.e., 1 in 10 US adults is an alcoholic) [0.1% blood alcohol level = legally drunk]
How Are Alcohol and Drugs Affecting Your Life? |
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Term
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Definition
| smoking marijuana may lead to increased appetite, decreased coordination, lower motivation levels, and pulmonary damage (with chronic use) but may have some useful medicinal effects ... such as helping ameliorate chronic pain |
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Term
| narcotics (and other "hard" drugs) |
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Definition
| addiction appears to lead to CNS damage in some cases and to social dysfunction in all cases |
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Term
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Definition
| HHS estimates that more than 90% of the ~2.7 million US drug abusers could benefit from treatment; ~60% of those are now being treated (mostly in the "justice" system), but ~40% are not being treated . . . not enough funds to "go around" |
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Term
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Definition
avoidance ... if one never uses a particular drug she or he is unlikely to become dependent upon it; education and caring may be important; President Bush's National Drug Control Strategy
Did ya know...? A study by the NIDA and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), estimated the economic cost of alcohol and drug abuse to be $246 billion in 1992, the most recent year for which sufficient data were available! |
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Term
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Definition
| (remedies for counteracting poisons: |
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Term
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Definition
| combine with the poison to create a harmless compound; |
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Term
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Definition
| prevent the absorption of the poison; physiological antidotes counteract the effects of a poison by producing the opposite physiologic effects) exist for many drugs, but dependence is often what is being treated, so these are useful only for short-term relief of symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| (drugs that tends to block the effects of other, more harmful drugs, typically by competing with the drug for binding to the affected cell, but without eliciting a harmful effect) are useful, but may induce dependence against themselves; they generally cause less damage than the drug they are antagonistic to) combined with psychologic support from groups or individual professionals |
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Term
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Definition
is extremely difficult to define; however, it has been stated that people with good mental health feel:
comfortable with themselves- realistic, self-accepting
"right" about other people - affect
able to meet the demands of life - solve problems, accept responsibility, realistic goals, think for self, make own decisions, plan ahead |
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Term
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Definition
| is a major problem of living . . . we have to deal with it on a daily basis |
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Term
| Normal consequence of living |
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Definition
| stress can be thought of as the rate of wear and tear on the body as a result of living (nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it) |
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Term
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Definition
| stress can involve "good" (eustress) or "bad" (distress) incidents; both upset one's homeostasis (what is most important is the intensity of the stress) |
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Term
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Definition
| are agents which produce stress; they can be physical, psychological or environmental/social |
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Term
| Intensity of the demand for readjustment or adaptation |
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Definition
| used to deal with stress is the most important factor in adjusting |
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Term
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Definition
| are developed to deal with stress |
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Term
| Effective use of coping skills |
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Definition
| can result in resistance to and resolution (or acceptance) of the stressful situation; these include: |
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Term
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Definition
| - crying, etc. relieves stress |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| - rationalization, projection, repression, denial, reaction formation, displacement (can be damaging) |
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Term
| Ineffective use of coping skills can result in exhaustion; can be expressed as: |
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Definition
minor personality disorders which cause minor behavior problems (anxiety, obsessive/compulsive behavior, depression)
severe maladaptive behavior problems due to an unbalanced and deranged condition of one's mental processes (schizophrenic [lack of contact with reality], affective disorders, manic depressive behavior, paranoia, hysteria |
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Term
Treatment of mental disorders involves:
Psychotherapy |
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Definition
| - treat problem via patient's awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| modify action from harmful to helpful |
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Term
| Suicide and Homocide: Somatic therapyn patheogenicy |
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Definition
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Term
Suicide (intentional self-harm)
epidemiology: |
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Definition
suicide (intentional self-harm) is the number 11 killer overall in the US (31,647 suicides in 2004 ... 1.3% of all deaths ... 1 every 18 minutes) but it is:
number 2 killer for white males aged 15-24 years
number 3 killer for white males aged 25-44 years
~10% of attempts are successful (~300,000 attempts per year)
rates dropped ~3.7% between 1999 and 2000, but are still ~1.8 times as prevalent as those for homicide and twice as prevalent as deaths from AIDS
cost of suicide to the US community
impact of suicide on friends and family |
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Term
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Definition
pathogenesis:
ineffective use of coping skills plays a major role in precipitating suicide attempts
men are twice as successful in suicide attempts as women, even though they attempt suicide ~3 times less often ... because men use guns, hanging or other highly effective ways to do it, including poison
most medical authorities consider attempted suicide as a cry for help; thus suicide prevention centers have been established in most cities
suicide is often a consequence of depression - perhaps 30% of those who commit suicide are mentally disordered in a clinical sense; the rest have simply decided that death is the best solution to an otherwise untenable situation in their lives
warning signs include:
previous suicide attempts
making arrangements
personality or behavioral changes
signs of depression |
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Term
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Definition
| TLC, coupled with preventive intervention (assuming the attempt was not successful ... no treatment for that, unfortunately) |
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Term
| Suicide and Homocide: prevention: includes: |
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Definition
knowing why people commit suicide
separating the myths from the truths about suicide
knowing and heeding the warning signs
help the potential suicide victim by:
talking openly and freely, asking direct questions about the student's intention
listening to what is said and treating it seriously ... don't debate, argue or lecture about whether or not suicide is right or wrong
NEVER leave a person who is suicidal alone
encourage the person to seek help themselves ... but, get help immediately!
more info on suicide prevention
teen suicide help line: 1-310-855-4673 or 1-303-429-3530
National Crisis Hotline: 1-800-SUICIDE (1-800-784-2433)
SuicideHotlines.com |
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Term
Homicide (assault)
epidemiology: |
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Definition
assault (homicide) is the number 16 killer in US (16,611 deaths due to homicide and legal intervention in 2003 ... ~0.7% of all deaths) ... but it is the:
number 1 killer for black males aged 15-24 years
number 2 kille |
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Term
| Homicide (assault)pathogenesis: |
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Definition
ineffective use of coping skills ... quarrels, etc. can quickly escalate into lethal fights
victim usually knows killer . . . frequently family members
availability of lethal weapons is major factor in likelihood of fata |
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Term
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Definition
decrease availability of weapons, decrease level of hostility
legal intervention - same as for homicide, because people are not hunted by police unless suspected of having committed a crime and they are not executed unless convicted of homicide (or treason) |
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Term
Accidents (Unintentional Injury)
General considerations
Epidemiology - |
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Definition
| accidents (~4.5 million reported each year in US) are the number 5 killer in US (108,694 deaths in 2004 (~70% males) ... 4.5% of all deaths); this is the number 1 killer for ages 1 |
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Term
Accidents (Unintentional Injury)
General considerations
Risk factors: |
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Definition
| Causes include alcohol, poor judgement, lack of concentration, physical disability, environmental factors, equipment failure ... one reason men die of accidents more frequently tha |
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Term
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Definition
| - Damage caused by accidents may be treatable, but the accident itself is not |
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Term
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Definition
| Most accidents are preventable; education and caring are keys to effectiveness of prevention programs |
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Term
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Definition
account for ~2 million injuries each year and ~ 45% of all accidental deaths (43,458 deaths in 1997 ... 1.9% of all deaths); Remember ... 75% of all traffic accidents occur within 25 miles of home
Cost over $100 billion per year (wa |
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Term
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Definition
| ~30% of all accidental deaths and ~40% of all accidents - most often affect people under 5 and over 65 |
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Term
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Definition
falls - 12% of all deaths by accidents (over half of these occur in the home)
burns - 1 million cases, with 60,000 injured severly enough for hospital admission and ~7,600 deaths; costs are ~$100 million per year
poisoning - leadin |
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Term
Accidents (Unintentional Injury)
General considerationsPrevention - |
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Definition
| improve "slippery" surfaces, education ~use of fire and electricity, eating habits, storage of hazardous substances, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
~12.5% of all accidental deaths - occupational accidental death rate dropped ~71% from 1912 to 1980, then by ~23% from 1980 to 1986 (to ~6 deaths per 100,000 workers)
Agricultural accidents most common - fatal injuries from machin |
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Term
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Definition
~7.5% of all accidental deaths
recreational and school accidents are included here
Prevention - promote education ~safe use of "play things" |
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Term
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Definition
If today is a typical day on planet Earth . . .
We will lose:
~116 square miles of rainforest (about one acre per second . . . an area equivalent to the State of Washington in a year)
~794 acres of wetlands to "development" (~290,000 acres per year)
~72 square miles to encroaching deserts (area equivalent to the state of West Virginia in a year)
40 to 100 species
We will gain:
~15 million tons of carbon in the atmosphere (~5,475 tons per year)
~1,644 tons of oil in the oceans (~600,000 tons per year)
an unknowh number of tons of chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere (before the ban on freon in air-conditioning systems, it was ~1500 tons per day, or ~548,000 tons per year) |
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